利用氮氧同位素研究桂林寨底地下河硝酸盐来源

工农业生产的迅速发展使地下水硝酸盐氮(NO3-—N)污染成为世界性的环境问题。地下水中硝酸盐的来源研究在水文地质结构特殊的西南岩溶地区就显得尤为重要。稳定氮同位素和氧同位素在地下水硝酸盐的来源示踪研究中有着广泛的应用。本研究选取岩溶地区典型地下河——广西桂林寨底地下河为研究对象,通过氮氧同位素数据,判断寨底地下河硝酸盐来源是以动物粪便为主的农家肥,为该区地下水的保护和利用提供科学依据。     

大质量年轻星体新的C18O(1-0)发射

利用紫金山天文台青海观测站13.7米的毫米波望远镜对74个大质量年轻星体或候选进行了C^18O(1-0)的谱线观测。在63个源中观测到了C^18O(1-0)发射，其中57个天体第一次探测到C^18O(1-0)谱线发射。根据谱线辐射温度（TR^*)和半宽（△V），利用LTE方法计算了每个测量源的C^18O(1-0)发射的光学厚度和C^18O(1-0)分子的柱密度。讨论了^13CO(1-0)和C^18O(1-0)的谱线强度比和积分强度比。     

RELATION BETWEEN δ~（18）O IN ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION

ＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮＢＥＴＷＥＥＮδ~（１８）ＯＩＮＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＩＣＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＺｈａｎｇＸｉｎｐｉｎｇ（章新平）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＨｕｎａｎＮｏ?..     

Low δ18O eclogites from the Kokchetav massif, northern Kazakhstan

Oxygen isotopic compositions of silicates in eclogites and whiteschists from the Kokchetav massif were analyzed by whole‐grain CO₂‐laser fluorination methods. Systematic analyses yield extremely low δ¹⁸O for eclogites, as low as ?3.9‰ for garnet; these values are comparable with those reported for the Dabie‐Sulu UHP eclogites. Oxygen isotopic compositions are heterogeneous in samples of eclogite, even on an outcrop scale. Schists have rather uniform oxygen isotope values compared to eclogites, and low δ¹⁸O is not observed. Isotope thermometry indicates that both eclogites and schists achieved high‐temperature isotopic equilibration at 500–800 °C. This implies that retrograde metamorphic recrystallization barely modified the peak‐metamorphic oxygen isotopic signatures. A possible geological environment to account for the low‐δ¹⁸O basaltic protolith is a continental rift, most likely subjected to the conditions of a cold climate. After the basalt interacted with low δ¹⁸O meteoric water, it was tectonically inserted into the surrounding sedimentary units prior to, or during subduction and UHP metamorphism.     

An integrated linear/non-linear flow model for the conduit-fissure-pore media in the karst triple void aquifer system

Most karstic aquifer media may be characterized as the triple-void media with highly-varied hydraulic properties, including matrix pore, fissure and conduit, in which liner flow may co-exist with non-linear flow. In this paper, an attempt is made to couple linear flow with non-linear flow in a single unified flow governing equations by introducing the concept of equivalent hydraulic conductivity (EHC) and deriving a general Darcys law for various flow. The expression of EHC in the karst conduit and fissure are also derived. The procedures of numerical implementation are demonstrated via an ideal model and a case study of karst aquifer system in the Beishan Ore Formation area, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China.     

A groundwater isoscape (δD, δO) for Mexico

Numerous studies have shown that precipitation isocapes drive δD and δ¹⁸O patterns in surficial waters and in terrestrial food webs. While the GNIP (Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation) dataset provided a key foundation for linking precipitation-terrestrial isoscapes globally, it has insufficient spatial coverage in many countries like Mexico. To overcome this limitation, we hypothesized that shallow phreatic groundwaters in Mexico could be used as an isotopic integrator of long-term seasonally weighted precipitation inputs to the landscape to aid in calibrating spatial H and O isotope datasets for terrestrial, biological and hydrological research. Groundwater was sampled from 234 sites in Mexico at ~ 50 km latitudinal spacing to obtain high spatial resolution and country-wide coverage for the construction of a groundwater isoscape. Our data revealed that shallow groundwater infiltration in Mexico appears largely unaffected by evaporation and reflects seasonally weighted precipitation inputs. These precipitation inputs are primarily biased to summertime when highest rainfall occurs, but a small degree of post-precipitation evaporation revealed a lower d-excess zone that corresponded to the interior semi-arid ecozone. We developed a predictive general linear model (GLM) for hydrogen and oxygen isotopic spatial patterns in Mexican groundwater and then compared the results to a validation subset of our field data, as well external data reported in the literature. The GLM used elevation, latitude, drainage basin (Atlantic vs. Pacific), and rainfall as the most relevant predictive variables. The GLM explained 81% of the overall isotopic variance observed in groundwater, 68% of the variance within our validation subset, and 77% of the variance in the external data set. Our predictive GLM is sufficiently accurate to allow for future ecological, hydrological and forensic isoscape applications in Mexico, and may be an approach that is applicable to other countries and regions where GNIP stations are lacking.     

Simulation of river flow in Britain under climate change: Baseline performance and future seasonal changes

Climate change is likely to manifest in river flow changes across the globe, which could have wide-ranging consequences for society and the natural environment. A number of previous studies used the UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09) to investigate the potential impacts on river flows in Britain, but these projections were recently updated by the release of UKCP18, thus there is a need to update flow studies. Here, the UKCP18 Regional (12 km) projections are applied using a national-scale grid-based hydrological model, to investigate potential future changes in seasonal mean river flows across Great Britain. Analysis of hydrological model performance using baseline climate model data (1980–2010) shows relatively good agreement with use of observation-based data, particularly after application of a monthly precipitation bias-correction. Analysis of seasonal mean flow changes for two future time-slices (2020–2050 and 2050–2080) suggests large decreases in summer flows across the country (median −45% by 2050–2080), but possible increases in winter flows (median 9% by 2050–2080), especially in the north and west. Information on the potential range of flow changes using the latest projections is necessary to develop appropriate adaptation strategies, and comparisons with previous projections can help update existing plans, although such comparisons are often not straightforward.     

近400年来新疆策勒红柳沙包稳定氧同位素与气候变化

建立红柳沙包沉积纹层年代序列和提取气候环境信息是高分辨率古气候环境变化研究的重要手段。利用策勒达玛沟红柳沙包高度约450 cm沉积纹层红柳落叶的稳定氧同位素数据,结合策勒气象站1960~2011年观测数据,运用移动平均法对稳定氧同位素和气象数据进行平滑处理后,运用相关分析及逐步回归法,定量重建了策勒地区近400年来的4月平均气温和3月降水量序列。研究结果表明:红柳落叶δ^18O平均值为33.96‰,波动范围为27.18‰~44.07‰,波动幅度为16.89‰,δ^18O变化受多个气候要素的综合影响。δ^18O与4月平均气温呈显著负相关,与2月和12月平均气温呈显著正相关;δ^18O与10月、4月、5月、9月、7月以及全年的空气相对湿度呈显著正相关;δ^18O与3月、9月和8月的降水量呈显著正相关,与2月降水量呈显著负相关;δ^18O与2月日照时数呈显著正相关,与9月和10月的日照时数呈显著负相关。策勒地区近400年来气候变化可划分4个阶段:1635~1725年为暖干期,1726~1792年为冷湿期,1793~1897年为暖干期,1898~2009年为冷湿期。     

渤中凹陷CFD18-2油田高岭石胶结作用及其对储层物性的影响

为探究成岩作用过程中所形成的次生黏土矿物对储层物性的影响,借助偏光显微镜及扫描电镜的镜下分析,并结合储层物性等数据,对渤中凹陷附近沙垒田凸起东南部CFD18-2油田东三段高岭石的特征、类型、成因及其对储层物性的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明：1）研究区高岭石为有机酸溶蚀长石形成的自生高岭石,呈现典型的"手风琴状"及"蠕虫状",常充填于粒间孔、长石次生溶孔及碳酸盐胶结物溶孔中并形成良好的晶间孔隙。2）研究区主要发育两期高岭石,第一期主要充填于早期碳酸盐胶结物溶孔中,呈微小"蠕虫状";第二期充填于铁方解石与铁白云石胶结物溶孔中,部分高岭石具碱性溶蚀特征,且第二期高岭石与晚期伊利石共生。3）研究区东三段储层具备一定的渗流能力,使长石溶蚀形成的"副产物"被流体带走;但在破坏性成岩作用下,储层渗流能力会逐渐变差,最终使得"副产物"堆积于孔隙,降低储层物性。4）高岭石及同期硅质胶结物对储层物性的影响是一把"双刃剑",当高岭石及硅质的体积分数低于6.81%时,长石溶蚀有利于改善储层物性;当高岭石及硅质的体积分数高于6.81%时,则不利于储层物性的改善。