Comparative Measurements Of Co2flux Over A Forest Using Closed-Path And Open-Path Co2analysers

An eddy covariance system using a closed-path CO₂analyser was constructed for long-term CO₂flux measurements above a forest, and its total frequency response was valuated experimentally. The amplitude and phase responses of the system wereexamined through a preliminary test, in which a prescribed pattern of CO₂fluctuation was input to the system. The result showed that the amplitude of the output from the system was attenuated as frequency increased, with a half-power frequency of 0.3 Hz. The phase was delayed by the air sampling through a long tube, but the delay in phase decreased asfrequency increased. We then presented a new technique for the correction of flux loss due to the inadequate system response for the eddy covariance measurements of CO₂ flux. Using the present system and the correction technique, diurnal variations in CO₂ flux were measured over a temperate deciduous forest on three days in 1997. The results were compared with the CO₂fluxes measured with a fast response open-path gas analyser. The CO₂fluxes from the closed-path system agreed with those from the open-path system after the Webb, Pearman and Leuning correction was made for the latter. In the present test over a forest, the contribution of the frequency-response correction to the CO₂fluxes was small and its averaged percentage was only 3%in the daytime. However, the percentage would likely increase, if the system were applied to a shorter vegetation site where high frequency components are more important. The comparison confirmed that we can obtain correct measurements of CO₂flux using the present closed-path system and the correction technique.     

黑河干流中游地区泉水资源衰减原因及趋势分析

根据黑河干流中游地区泉水资源系列资料 (1984～ 1999年 ) ,用布西涅斯克泉水衰减方程和频谱分析方法 ,建立了时间序列预测模型 ,对该地区泉水资源未来变化趋势做了预测 ,结果表明 ,不仅现状处于衰减状态 ,且未来数十年仍继续处于衰减状态。     

Impacts of reforestation and gravel mining on the Malnant River, Haute-Savoie, French Alps

The Malnant River is a rapidly incising river with a French name that translates as “bad creek,” reflecting local opinion of the hazards from dramatic channel changes that have occurred in the last few centuries. Downcutting in the last three decades has created severe problems for farmers in this small watershed (16 km²) as bridges are undermined, streamside roads are threatened, and irrigation diversion structures are rendered unusable. The purpose of our study was to determine the extent and causes of downcutting. A detailed landcover map dated 1732 revealed that forest cover had been reduced by that time to 10% of the present-day cover. The Malnant was strongly affected by floods and debris torrents during the 18th and 19th centuries that delivered massive amounts of sediment. During the 20th century, reforestation reduced the sediment delivery from hillslopes. In addition, gravel extraction in the Malnant and in the Fier River (of which the Malnant is a tributary) has lowered the base level for the river. This initiated a knickpoint that moved upstream. Weirs placed in the Malnant in 1968 were used to measure rates of bed incision in the field. With a mean width of 4.0 m and degradation up to 36 cubic meters per meter channel length, the lower 4.5 km of the Malnant has experienced a net loss of approximately 163,000 m³ of bed material. Above the 4.5-km point on the Malnant, bedrock controls exist that have arrested the upstream-progressing degradation.     

The Murdjadjo, Western Algeria, fault-related fold: Implications for seismic hazard

The murdjadjo (Oran) geological structure which consists of an asymmetricfold has been studied. The anticline has a length of about 32 km and isN050 trending. Its relationship with the relatively high historical seismicityof the region is analysed. New critical investigations of contemporary documents enabled us to re-evaluate the December, 12, 1959(M_s = 4.7) and the May 12, 1889 (M_s = 4.6) earthquakes. Fieldobservations reveal the existence of a fault which affect the south-easternflank of the Murdjadjo anticline. The fault dips 60^° to the NW andcut the tilted Neogene deposits which juxtaposes the Quaternary tilteddeposits. A NE-SW-trending direction of stream pattern underlies thefaulted flank of the anticline. Furthermore, offset of stream patternindicate a strike lateral slip component of the fault. Marine terracesmapped along the Oran coast indicates a uniform uplift rate of0.18 mm/yr which may be compared to the coseismic rate obtained inthe chelif region. Also, development of secondary small plain on theuplifted flank, the high subsidence in the Mleta quaternary plain whichjuxtaposes the faulted flank constitute evidence of recent tectonicmovements. The Murdjadjo fault, composed by two segments, mayproduce in the future strong earthquakes of magnitude equal or greaterthan 6.5. This fact suggests that the Oran earthquake of October 9, 1790(M = 7.5) which produced sea waves along the Spanish coast is likelygenerated by the Murdjadjo fault- related fold. Recurrence of earthquakedetermined on the basis of historical seismicity suggests a return period ofabout 1000 years for an earthquake of M = 7.3 which seem underestimatedcompared to the paleoseismic data available in The Tell atlas of Algeria.     

Distribution patterns and habitat characterization of Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera) in a low-order sandstone stream (Weidlingbach, Lower Austria)

A total of 1504 larval and 31 pupal Simuliidae were caught from March 2000 to February 2001 at the Weidlingbach, a fourth order tributary of the Danube near Vienna, Austria, using a modified box sampler (sampling area = 2116 cm²) at 12 sampling stations from source to mouth. From the six species collected, Prosimulium tomosvaryi (Enderlein) and two species of the Simulium ornatum-group (S. trifasciatum Curtis and S. ornatum Meigen) accounted for 97.5% of the total. Based on head width, instars 1–7 were collected in the S. ornatum-group and instars 2–7 in P. tomosvaryi; from two of the remaining species [Simulium (Nevermannia) cryophilum (Rubzov) and S. (N.) vernum Macquart], only pupae were sampled. The S. ornatum-group was most abundant on coarse substrates (median = 55.9 mm) exposed to high water velocity (median = 55.9 cm/s; range = 9–83 cm/s); the latter was also true for P. tomosvaryi although it favoured smaller sediment grain sizes (median = 32.4 mm). Species richness and population density increased from source to mouth. At sampling sites near the source Simuliidae were completely lacking. In headwaters only P. tomosvaryi was present, whereas the S. ornatum-group and Simulium (Simulium) argyreatum Meigen was collected exclusively near the mouth.     

在构造和气候因素制约下雅鲁藏布江的演化

雅鲁藏布江位于印度和欧亚大陆汇聚带内，其形成受到冈底期山和喜马拉雅山差异性抬升的控制。冈底期山抬升在先，发生在中生代晚期至新生代早期。一系列起源于冈底期山和青藏高原的水系向南先是流主特提斯海。在特提斯海关闭后流入印度次大陆。喜马拉雅山构造抬升要晚于冈底斯山，大规模抬升发生在中新世早期，其抬升阻断了这些河流的通道，水流开始汇聚在这两个造山带之间，牙鲁藏布江由此形成。在雅鲁藏布江大拐弯地区，在海拔4500m处存在一个平坦的侵蚀面，并构成雅鲁藏布江大峡谷最高的一级谷肩，这表明雅鲁藏布江在下切前就在该面上流动，而且流速不大。在大拐弯以南，雅鲁藏布江的下游－布拉马普特拉河位于印度洋热带季风带内，其下切和源侵蚀速率很大。印度洋热带季风形成于6－9MaB.P.。因此，该河流很可能形成于该时期，要比雅鲁藏布江年轻，它在向北的溯源侵蚀的过程中袭夺了雅鲁藏布江，袭夺处可能就大拐弯的北端，因此大拐弯是袭夺成因。     

Urban stream channel hazards

In managing urban stream channels there are pressures to use soft engineering techniques to restore channels wherever possible, to undertake management within a drainage basin context, to produce sustainable solutions and to consider community views. However, specific methods for characterizing the channel network in terms of possible management options have not been developed explicitly for urban areas. A method of characterizing the entire drainage network of urban areas, based upon segmentation of the stream channel network according to the incidence of road crossings and stormwater outfalls, is proposed together with consideration of ways in which the segments can be characterized, including stream channel hazards as a means of providing one basis for urban channel management.     

大渡河上游林区森林资源退化及其恢复与重建

虽然森林采伐后的恢复重建一直是青藏高原东部地区森林经营管理的主要实践活动之一，但有关该区大规模森林恢复重建实践及其存在的问题还不清楚。本文选择大渡河上游林区，分析了该区目前森林资源现状、森林退化及其恢复重建及特点，阐明了该区目前资源管理与恢复重建存在的主要问题，并提出了相应的技术对策。结果表明，该区林地资源丰富，但森林资源量小，覆盖率不足23％，长期采伐导致森林生态系统结构和功能严重恶化；现有恢复重建技术体系不健全，人工成林成功率在高山同峡谷区不足30％，高丘区不足15％；造林树种单一，造林密度过大，抚育管理不力，人工林质量低下；强化对迹地退化过程的深入研究和监测，充分认识迹地环境的制约作用，强化抚育管理，改进和完善现有的森林重建技术体系，增加造林树种，特别是乡土阔叶树种的多样性应该是该区生态恢复重建的关键对策。     

鄂西山区森林火灾的分布特征及与地形气候的关系

本文揭示了鄂西山区森林火灾水平分布特征:1)森林火险具有地域差异性和邻近相似性,2)从北到南火险由高到低;3)高山林区为低火险区,4)23林区县市为低火险级;5)1600—2000m左右火灾最多发生,向上向下均减少。