Dissolved silica concentrations and reactions in pore waters from continental slope sediments offshore from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA

The pore water concentrations of dissolved silica in sediment cores from the continental slope offshore from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, varied from 150 to almost 700 μ,M with depth in the top 40 cm of sediment. Sediment cores from 630 to 2010 m depth had very similar profiles of dissolved silica in their pore waters, even though these cores came from regions greatly different in slope, topography, sedimentation rate, and abundance of benthic macrofauna. Cores from 474 to 525 m were more variable, both with respect to pore water dissolved silica profiles, and with respect to sediment texture. Experiments indicate that both the rate of dissolution of silica and the saturation concentration decrease as sediment depth below the sediment-seawater interface increases. These data are consistent with depletion of a reactive silica phase in surface sediment, which may be radiolarian tests, or the alteration of biogenic silica to a less reactive form over time. Experimental results suggest that the pore water dissolved silica concentration in sediments below the top few centimeters may be higher than the sediments could now achieve. The flux of dissolved silica out of these sediments is estimated to be 15 μmoles cm⁻² yr⁻¹.     

台州湾海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的浓度水平、富集规律及来源

研究了台州湾海域海水和表层沉积物中15种多环芳烃(PAHs) 的浓度水平,评价了表层沉积物对多环芳烃的富集规律,探讨其可能来源.结果表明,表层沉积物中 PAHs 的浓度范围为85.4～167.6 ng / g,平均值为138.62 ng/g,总多环芳烃的最大值是椒江码头.表层沉积物中二环、三环、四环、五环和六环多环芳烃占总多环芳烃的百分含量平均值分别为7.8 %,42.1 %,33.3 %,9.6 % 和 7.2 %,三环多环芳烃的含量最高;表层沉积物对多环芳烃的富集系数为 532.7～1 068.9,平均值为 807.5,单组分菲的富集系数最高为 122.7,最小的是苯并(a) 芘为 2.7;台州湾表层沉积物中的多环芳烃主要来源于燃煤污染,部分来源于石油烃类物质的直接污染.     

厦门港湾柱样沉积物的孢粉组合特征

本文根据厦门港湾12个柱样沉积物的抱粉分析结果，划分出三个饱粉带，探讨了其沉积环境与古气候演化史。Ⅲ榛属－藜科－水龙骨科带，以榛和草本为主，表明为稀树草原植被和温凉干燥气候，陆相沉积，形成于晚更新世晚期至早全新世；Ⅱ栎属、栲属、栗属一水龙骨科带，表明为繁盛的常绿阔叶林和茂密的灌木草本植被，气候最湿润暖热，为冰后期海面最高时期，海相沉积，形成于中全新世；I松属－禾本科－蕨属、水龙骨科带，由成类、草本和针叶树组成，表明主要为针叶树和栽培植被，气候转为暖干，现代沉积，即晚全新世。     

长江口潮滩表层沉积物对NH4+-N的吸附特征

沉积物对NH₄+-N的吸附是氮素生物地球化学循环的关键过程之一,它在河口潮滩生态系统内氮素循环过程中起着非常重要的作用.以长江口滨岸潮滩为研究区域,运用实验模拟的方法,研究了沉积物对NH₄+-N的吸附特征,结果表明,在长江口潮滩上覆水和孔隙水中NH₄+-N含量的变化范围内,沉积物对NH₄+-N的吸附呈线性变化;研究区域内沉积物对NH₄+-N的吸附系数为3.81~9.00,且与沉积物中有机碳(TOC)含量有良好的相关关系,它揭示了有机质控制着长江口潮滩沉积物中NH₄+-N的吸附行为.实验模拟与实测结果对比发现,在潮滩自然环境条件下,研究区域内沉积物对NH₄+-N的吸附处在非热力学平衡状态过程中.盐度是影响NH₄+-N吸附过程的重要环境因子,且导数方程关系式在低盐度范围内,盐度的微小变化对NH₄+-N的吸附有显著的影响.     

Evaluation of the N2 flux approach for measuring sediment denitrification

Direct gas chromatographic measurement of denitrification rates via N₂ fluxes from aquatic sediments can avoid some of the artifacts and complexities associated with indirect approaches and tracer techniques. However, measurement protocols have typically been determined based upon initial results or previous studies. We present a process-level study and simulation model for evaluating and optimizing N₂ gas flux approaches in closed chamber incubations. Experimental manipulations and simulations of both artificial and natural sediments were used to conduct sensitivity analyses of key design parameters in N₂ flux measurements. Experimental results indicated that depletion of labile organic matter during the long incubations required by common protocols (for diffusive off-gassing of porewater N₂) may result in underestimates of denitrification rates in some systems. Simulations showed that the required incubation time was primarily a function of sediment thickness. The best approach found to minimize incubation time and reduce errors was to select the minimum sediment thickness necessary to include the entire depth distribution of nitrification–denitrification for a particular sediment system. Attempts to increase measurement sensitivity and shorten incubation times by reducing the headspace thickness to 1–2 cm generally cause denitrification to be underestimated by 3–13% for gas headspaces, and up to 80% for water headspaces. However, errors were negligible with gas and water headspace thicknesses of 10 cm and 15 cm, respectively. Anaerobic cores to control for non-denitrification N₂ fluxes shortened incubation time, but introduced artifacts in sediments with extensive macrofaunal irrigation.     

Study on visual control system of acoustic in situ measurement technology for survey of seafloor sediment

Abstract

A new kind of visual acoustic measurement system was developed to obtain the acoustic characteristics of seabed sediment and the working state of in situ measuring equipment in real time. The control unit of the system structure is mainly made up of the underwater control unit and the deck control unit. In comparison with similar traditional systems, the system can transmit the working video image, the measured acoustic data and the waveform synchronous from the underwater control equipment to the deck control unit through the connecting cable. Apart from self-contained in situ measurement, the working modes of it include visual online real-time control. In order to guarantee the stability and measurement precision of the video control system, the process control of in situ measurement was strictly tested in the experimental tank. In 2017, sea trials of the in situ measurement system was carried out in the South China Sea. In the process, data related to measurement, including the acoustic velocity and attenuation coefficient of the seabed sediment, were obtained as well. The results from sea trials show that the control process of the visual system is intuitive, reliable and accurate, and therefore it can be popularized and applied.     

南海海域大油气田与中国东南海区油气地质分析

本文以中国南海海域崖１３－１、流花１１－１和大熊油田等三大油气田的地质特征和油气模式为参照，分析了中国东南海域台西南盆地，台湾海峡盆地及毗邻地区的油气地质条件，指出与基底隆起有关的背斜构造、基底风化壳型油气藏、裂隙型油气藏和与裂谷地堑－半地堑构造有关的近源三角洲、缓翼斜坡带等是进一步开展油气勘查的目标和重点。     

MINERALOGY OF COASTAL DEPOSITS OF NORTH-WESTERN SEA OF JAPAN

Distribution of heavy, light and clay minerals in Late Pleistocene—Holocene deposits from different coastal environments (beaches, lagoons, dunes, relict lakes, ria bays and inlets, open inlets) was analysed. It was established that mineralogical composition of coastal deposits was a result of provenance and its hypergenous changes, transformation of material within transit zone, and accumulative conditions of inshore zone. Contents of stable minerals increase in deposits of the inlets confined to mouths of the small streams and in horizons of the sections, formed during regressive phases. Unstable minerals amount is higher in deposits of inlets, confined to mouths of the large river. The clay mineral fraction of shelf sediments consists mostly of illite. Authigenous pyrites dominate in deposits of ria bays, lagoons and relict lakes, formed during transgressive phases. Volcanic glass, found in deposits, is product of Holocene eruptions of Baegdusan (Baitushen) Volcano.     

Morphological variation of Stephanodiscus niagarae Ehrenb. (Bacillariophyta) in a Lake Ontario sediment core

Stephanodiscus niagarae populations in a core from Lake Ontario show systematic variation in radial puncta number and mean valve diameter. Puncta number is stable in specimens from samples deposited between 1720 and 1844. Puncta number gradually increases in samples deposited between 1860 and 1947, then increases rapidly to high numbers in samples deposited after 1964. Mean valve diameter is relatively high in specimens from samples deposited between 1720 and 1959. Diameter of specimens deposited during this period fluctuates around a mean of 63.2 m. Mean diameter of specimens deposited from 1959 to 1980 is only 42.5 m. We conclude that the trend in puncta number reflects the time course of eutrophication in Lake Ontario. We interpret the precipitous decline in mean diameter as an indication that conditions in the lake after the late 1950's did not permit sexual reproduction in this species.