金字塔沙丘地表气流场及其动力学过程研究

沙丘沉积构造指示及风洞实验结果表明：莫高窟顶金字塔沙丘形成于３组风向条件下（ＮＥ、ＳＷ及ＮＷ）,是链状沙丘的一种变形、分离形式。从沙丘形态特征分析,三面体金字塔沙丘及其它复杂沙丘类型（线形、格状、多面体金字塔沙丘）之间存在某种内在本质的联系。即多信风条件下产生的风向组合,通过主、副脊（梁）的不同形式发育组合过程,形成适应于地表气流的地貌形态。同时认为：沙丘沉积构造及风洞实验相结合的综合研究比以往单一过程研究更为全面、系统、深刻。     

我国青藏块体地区未来几年地震危险性分析

研究了我国青藏块体地区每一地震活跃幕里地震活动的主体地区、地震活动强度和地震活动持续时间,认为2008年四川汶川8.0级地震的发生可能意味着我国青藏块体自1995年或1997年开始的地震活跃幕已经进入后期,同时也意味着这一地区自1920年以来更长时间尺度里的地震活动期也进入了收尾阶段.未来几年青藏块体地震活动水平为7级...     

区域经济联系定量分析初探：以上海与苏锡常地区经济联系为例

针对目前区域联合日益广泛和经济联系量化研究不足的现状，在联系强度等方面提出一些新概念；阐述了经济联系量化指标的选取，建立了经济联系定量分析模型。     

北半球陆地生态系统碳交换通量的空间格局及其区域特征

陆地生态系统通过植被的光合作用吸收大气中的CO2,深入了解陆地生态系统碳吸收强度的空间变异及其区域特征对于准确地预测和评估全球碳收支以及制定高效的区域性生态系统管理政策具有重要的指导性意义。本文以China FLUX的长期联网观测数据为基础,整合了北半球区域已发表的涡度相关文献数据,对北半球区域碳交换通量,即总初级生产力（GPP）、生态系统呼吸（RE）和净生态系统生产力（NEP）的空间格局及其区域特征进行综合分析。我们获取了233个通量站点,732条站点年数据。观测站点分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美洲,纵跨纬度2.97°N到74.47°N,横跨经度148.88°W到161.34°E。气候类型涵盖了热带、亚热带、温带、北方林、极地与亚极地以及高山气候类型。生态系统类型包涵了森林（107个站点）、草地（65个站点）、农田（33个站点）和湿地（28个站点）四大生态系统。研究结果得出：北半球陆地生态系统GPP和RE呈现出显著的随着纬度升高而线性降低的趋势,纬度每升高1°N,GPP和RE在空间格局上约减少22.9gC/m2/a,而NEP的纬向变化规律不明显。森林和农田生态系统的GPP和NEP显著高于草地和湿地生态系统。RE则在森林生态系统最高,平均约为1185±641gC/m2/a,而在其余生态系统间无显著差异。在亚洲、欧洲和北美洲3个区域之间,森林、农田和湿地生态系统的GPP,RE和NEP均无显著差异。仅在草地生态系统中,欧洲草地生态系统的GPP和RE分别为1472±473gC/m2/a和1236±452gC/m2/a,显著高于亚洲和北美洲。GPP,RE和NEP呈现出从温暖性气候区向寒冷性气候区逐渐降低的趋势,同时受到水分状况的调节,表现出在相同的温度带里,相对湿润的气候区具有更高的NEP。这些结果表明北半球陆地生态系统碳交换通量存在着空间变异性,但没有显著的区域差异,然而在不同气候区和生态系统类型间差异显著,这意味着北半球陆地生态系统碳交换通量主要受到温度和水分环境条件以及人类活动的共同影响。     

Protection of bridge piers against scouring with tetrahedral frames

Armoring countermeasures, such as riprap stones, are the primary method used to protect bridge piers against scouring; however, these methods have not had definitive success. Recently, flow-altering countermeasures, such as sacrificial piles, have been tested as an alternative to armoring countermeasures. This study investigated the mechanics of an innovative flow-altering countermeasure device, frames in the shape of tetrahedrons that act as a pier-scour countermeasure. Results of measured characteristics for turbulence flow showed that the flow around the tetrahedral frames can be divided into three regions： （1） a deceleration region near the sediment bed; （2） an acceleration region in the middle of water depth region; and （3） a restoration region near the water surface. The velocity magnitudes, turbulent intensities and vorticities decreased in the deceleration region, increased in the acceleration region and reverted to that of the unprotected condition in the restoration region. This pier-scour countermeasure is innovative because of its ability to dissipate energy associated with the downflow and the horseshoes vortex generated around the bridge pier. The scour tests revealed that the frames protected the foundation of bridge piers against scour. The experimental results showed that the percentage reduction of scour depth decreased as the velocity ratio, U/U c , decreased, reaching a value of 50% for the range of parameters tested in this study. Moreover, its efficiency was dependent on the placement density of the frames. The data showed that the frames were more effective when η was larger. However, their influence becomes less significant when η≥ 0.16.     

Intraseasonal oscillation intensity over the western North Pacific:Projected changes under global warming

本文利用8个CMIP5模式的日资料,预估了RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下全球增温达1.5℃和2.0℃时西北太平洋夏季30～60天和10～20天季节内振荡(ISO)强度的变化情况.大多数模式都认为,无论增温水平或情景如何,预估结果均显示从中南半岛南部到菲律宾以东的带状区域内ISO强度增加,并且关键气象要素背景的变化会对...     

2011年7月25日雅安市雨城区凤鸣3．7级地震考察

总结了凤鸣地震考察工作,了解到震区一带的震感现象和地震影响的分布情况,并且依据《中国地震烈度表》和现场实地考察确定震中区一带地震影响烈度为Ⅳ度,圈定了本次地震的等烈度分布区域。     

洞庭湖不同水位高程下南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)种群分布格局及生长动态

通过野外不同水位高程固定样地多次调查,结合方差/均值比率法研究了不同水位高程下洞庭湖湿地南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)种群分布格局及生长动态.结果表明:(1)低程区土壤含水量显著高于高程区;低程区土壤颗粒组成与高程区相比有显著差异,低程区土壤为黏砂壤土,高程区为粉砂土;低程区土壤总有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和pH值等与高程区相比无显著差异,而其硝态氮、有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量低于高程区,全磷含量却恰好相反.(2)调查期间,南荻的分布格局随着植物的生长由均匀分布逐渐变为聚集分布,低程区聚集强度更大;(3)南荻的生物量和高度均随时间增长而迅速增加,且低程区的总生物量和增长量均高于高程区;南荻的密度和基径随时间增长而增加,之后趋于平稳,且低程区均高于高程区.结果分析表明,水位高程差异引起的土壤含水量的显著变化可能是影响南荻分布格局和生长动态最重要的因素.因此,适度地调控水位、增加土壤水分含量可能是控制南荻群落扩张的重要措施.     

中国夏季东北冷涡强度的定量化分析

本文利用NCEP/NCAR发布的1981～2010年全球日平均再分析位势高度场资料对东北冷涡进行检索并提取其平均态,在此基础上定义东北冷涡的偏离指数,并探讨其对东北冷涡强度特征的描述.结果表明:(1)东北冷涡500hPa闭合中心位势高度的概率分布近似为高斯分布,以其期望值提取的东北冷涡平均态具有东北冷涡的共性,表现出明显的大气斜压性及有利于系统维持和发展的温压配置关系特征;(2)基于东北冷涡平均态定义的东北冷涡偏离指数不仅能够表征东北冷涡偏离平均态的程度,还包含了低压面积的信息,即能够直观地显示东北冷涡的强弱特征.     

Flow and form in rehabilitation of large-river ecosystems: An example from the Lower Missouri River

On large, intensively engineered rivers like the Lower Missouri, the template of the physical habitat is determined by the nearly independent interaction of channel form and flow regime. We evaluated the interaction between flow and form by modeling four combinations of modern and historical channel form and modern and historical flow regimes. The analysis used shallow, slow water (shallow-water habitat, SWH, defined as depths between 0 and 1.5 m, and current velocities between 0 and 0.75 m/s) as an indicator of habitat that has been lost on many intensively engineered rivers and one that is thought to be especially important in rearing of young fishes. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic models for modern and historical channels of the Lower Missouri River at Hermann, Missouri, indicate substantial differences between the two channels in total availability and spatial characteristics of SWH. In the modern channel, SWH is maximized at extremely low flows and in overbank flows, whereas the historical channel had substantially more SWH at all discharges and SWH increased with increasing discharge. The historical channel form produced 3–7 times the SWH area of the modern channel regardless of flow regime. The effect of flow regime is evident in increased within-year SWH variability with the natural flow regime, including significant seasonal peaks of SWH associated with spring flooding. Comparison with other reaches along the Lower Missouri River indicates that a) channel form is the dominant control of the availability of habitat even in reaches where the hydrograph is more intensively altered, and b) rehabilitation projects that move toward the historical condition can be successful in increasing topographic diversity and thereby decreasing sensitivity of the availability of habitat to flow regime. The relative efficacy of managing flow and form in creating SWH is useful information toward achieving socially acceptable rehabilitation of the ecosystem in large river systems.