四川省汶川县城区某斜坡危岩体破坏模式及治理

危岩体是西南地区威胁交通和居民区安全的重要隐患。特别是“5．12”地震造成了原危岩体的崩塌,同时又形成了大量新的危岩体。汶川县城区某斜坡危岩体可归纳为三种破坏模式：拉裂-滑移式、整体剪切错落式和弯折-拉裂-倾倒式。危岩体失稳后,落石将会以弹跳、滚动和滑动方式沿坡体下落。运用能量守恒定律和运动学规律来确定落石的动能、落距和弹跳高度,采取GPS2型主动防护网、RX-075型被动防护网及落石槽相结合的措施,确保213国道和居民区的安全。     

堰塞坝形成机理及稳定性分析

滑坡、崩塌和泥石流是形成堰塞坝的三种主要方式,其形成堰塞坝的条件非常复杂,涉及因素广泛。另一方面,堰塞坝完全堵江形成堰塞湖在世界各国山区广泛分布,时有发生,造成严重灾害。因此,有必要对堰塞坝形成机理及安全性状评估进行研究。本文主要针对滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和碎屑流形成堰塞坝机理进行介绍并探讨了堰塞坝的破坏机制。同时,通过渗透稳定性、抗滑稳定性和抗冲刷稳定性3个方面评估了堰塞坝稳定性分析,以期为堰塞湖的防治与治理提供科学依据。     

TWO DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW AND GEO-MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES NEAR HEADLANDS BY USING UNSTRUCTURED GRID

1 INTRODUCTION In recent years, due to the increase in population and industrial developments, mankind has faced manyproblems associated with rivers, coastal waters and reservoirs. Some of these problems are flood control,water supply, power generation, and irrigation. In addition, making new hydraulic structures changesnatural conditions. Prediction of these changes is necessary for designing such constructions. For solutionof these problems usually an assessment of flow pattern, sedim…     

Flow Characteristics of Microbubble Suspensions in Porous Media as an Oxygen Carrier

Microbubble suspensions were generated as an oxygen carrier for aerobic biodegradation, and their flow characteristics in porous media were investigated. Commercial surfactants including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and dodecylethyldimethylammonium bromide (DEDAB), saponin (a natural surfactant), and collagen (a protein hydrolysate) were examined as base materials for generating microbubble suspensions. Among them, 2×CMC (critical micellar concentration) of SDS, DEDAB, and saponin developed microbubble suspensions with the highest gas hold‐up and half‐drainage time. Visualization of the flow patterns in sand showed that the microbubble suspensions were separated into a liquid and gas phase directly after injection, showing much faster movement of liquid phase flow. The gas front of the microbubble suspensions flowed in a plug‐flow manner, particularly in cases of SDS and DEDAB. The experimental results from both homogeneous and heterogeneous cells confirmed that the microbubble flow could overcome the heterogeneity in porous media. However, the plug‐flow characteristics and flow propagation of the microbubble suspensions to the low‐permeability zone was accompanied by a large pressure drop, which needs to be considered for future field application.     

川滇地区强震序列库仑破裂应力加卸载效应的数值模似

通过建立较精细的川滇地区三维有限元模型,数值模拟了川滇地区主要活动断裂的强震活动对于其他活动断裂潜在强震孕育进程的库仑破裂应力加卸载效应.模拟结果显示在川滇地区主要活动断裂带的几何学展布形态和运动学性质的构造背景之上,川滇地区强震活动相互影响的主要特征是活动断裂面库仑破裂应力变化大多处于增大状态.其中,金沙江断裂带、小江断裂带、楚雄—建水断裂带、鲜水河断裂带和安宁河断裂带上的强震所产生的加载作用比较强,而丽江—小金河断裂带和腾冲—澜沧断裂带则较弱.1981～2000年川滇地区M≥6.5地震序列的模拟结果显示,后续地震全部位于已发生地震所引起的库仑破裂应力增大区之内.数值模拟结果显示,在川滇地区,一个强震发生之后,发震断层本身强烈卸载的同时,库仑破裂应力的加载效应在其他主要活动断裂带潜在强震孕育进程中占据了主导地位,强震活动之间相互作用的主要效应是应力加载,已发生的强震加速了下一个强震的孕育进程,进而导致一系列地震的发生,直至整个区域所积累的应变能处于较低水平之后,区域地震活动进入一个新的平静期.     

Scour and flow field around a spur dike in a 90° bend

Spur dike is an important element in fiver training that creates rapid variations in flow field, sediment transport and bed topography. The mechanism of flow and sediment transport in a channel bend is very complex, especially when a spur dike is constructed in a bend. Most of previous investigations on flow behavior and scour around spur dike were carried out in straight channels. In this paper results of experiments on flow field and scour around a spur dike in a 90 degree channel bend are presented, Sand with uniform grain size was used as the bed material, Experiments were conducted for different locations and different lengths of spur dikes at the bend with different values of discharge, The three dimensional flow fields around a spur dike were investigated, The maximum depth of scour was correlated to the Froude numbers, lengths and the locations of spur dike in the bend.     

Static and dynamic behavior of hunchbacked gravity quay walls

One of the parameters that can affect the lateral pressures behind a retaining wall is the back-face shape of the wall, which can be controlled by the designer, and has not been investigated experimentally. Therefore, in order to study this behavior, a set of 1g shaking table tests was carried out on hunched back gravity type quay walls made of concrete blocks. Crushed stone and silica sand were used in the backfill and subsoil, respectively. The subsoil was prepared by moist tamping. The models were fully instrumented and beside each earth pressure transducer a pore water pressure sensor was also installed behind the wall therefore the lateral effective stress acting on the wall could be calculated. Tests were performed with various base accelerations on models with different subsoil relative densities. The results show that the earth pressure increases at upper portions of the wall and decreases by the leaning slope at lower elevations. Depending on the back-face shape of the wall the total thrust and overturning moment would be increased or decreased after an earthquake. However, the hunched back-shape of the wall tends to raise the point of application of the total thrust exerted on the wall. Other advantages of hunched back walls are demonstrated as well.     

面板坝垂直缝及止水失效渗流场有限元模拟

以金川面板堆石坝为例,用有限元方法计算了当面板缝及止水局部失效时各种工况下的渗流场,系统分析了大坝在面板垂直缝及止水局部失效后的稳定渗流场的规律和特点。采用无厚度的二维平面单元来模拟面板垂直缝及止水结构周边缝,同时采用理论上严密的Signorini型变分不等式方法进行求解,此方法能对渗流出渗点和浸润线进行准确定位。通过分析计算结果,指出了面板缝及止水结构周边缝的失效位置,失效缝宽对等势线、浸润线以及渗漏量的影响。为面板堆石坝接缝的设计提供参考。     

基于广义Hoek-Brown准则强度折减法的岩坡稳定性分析

针对岩质高边坡的稳定性分析问题,开展了基于广义Hoek-Brown破坏准则强度折减法的研究。提出了判别强度折减法合理性的两个基本标准：与Mohr-Coulomb准则强度折减法的一致性和能否体现节理岩体的真实破坏特征。基于以上标准,对比了3种不同的基于广义Hoek-Brown破坏准则的强度折减方法：σci、mi,σci、GSI和mi、GSI均同比折减,理论分析表明：mi、GSI同比折减更符合前述标准。最后,通过对工程实例的对比研究,验证了这一结论,并提出mi、GSI同比折减更能体现节理岩体的真实破坏特征,因而其安全系数的计算结果也更加真实可靠。     

Measuring N–NH4 in marine, estuarine and fresh waters: An adaptation of the ammonia diffusion method for samples with low ammonium concentrations

We present a method for measuring ¹⁵N–NH₄⁺ in marine, estuarine and fresh waters. The advantage of this method is that it is broadly applicable to all types of water and it allows measurements in samples with lower ammonium concentrations than has previously been possible. The procedure is a modification of the ammonia diffusion method and uses large sample volumes (often 4 l) to obtain sufficient N for isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis. Large volume samples have not previously been used with the diffusion procedure because isotopic fractionation occurs due to incomplete recovery of ammonium. However, the method we present accounts for this fractionation and allows precise correction of measured δ¹⁵N values.