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131.
Field observations of shoreline conditions at Hyrum Reservoir, Utah, were conducted during the summers of 1991 to 1993. A process of bluff retreat is described for a multiple-layered bluff environment of sand and clay layers. Failure is initiated by wetting and drying of clay sediments, which produces horizontal cracks within bluff material. These cracks appear to penetrate to a depth of approximately 100-150 mm before initiating vertical cracking in the sediments. The vertical cracks are propagated by continued drying of the surface sediment, ultimately leading to failure of the bluff material. The physical dimensions of sediment blocks succumbing to this mechanism range from a few hundred millimetres up to 3 m on a side, with a depth of approximately 100-150 mm. The mechanism described here appears to operate optimally when the supply of subsurface moisture is abundant and nearly continuous throughout the spring and early summer. Reservoir draw-down, large capillary fringe effects in the bluff and periodic wetting from upslope undrained hollows are the dominant moisture controls at this site. Moisture delivery to the face is strongly influenced by anisotropy of saturated hydraulic conductivity in the alternating clay and sand layers and related differences in sediment texture. 相似文献
132.
冬季青藏高原对东移大槽动力影响的研究:Ⅲ.模拟试验结果的分析 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
具体分析了本文Ⅱ的模拟试验结果。结果表明,该试验较清楚地再现了青藏高原地形对西风气流的影响,也显示了不同地形、急流的有无、强度和位置以及初始槽强度和基本气流斜压性的强度对东移槽的影响。这些结果有的清楚地再现了过去熟知的或还不很清楚的地形影响事实,有的可为东移槽的预报提供着眼点。 相似文献
133.
结构模糊随机可靠度的实用计算方法 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
本文以模糊随机变量为基本变量,定义了结构的模糊随机功能函数,分析了结构有效状态与失效状态之间的模糊性,建立了结构的模糊随机极限状态方程。利用序关系给出单失效模式结构的模糊安全准则,讨论了a-约束水平条件下单失效模式结构的失效概率、可靠度及可靠指标,进而得出结构的模糊随机失效概率、模糊随机可靠度及模糊可靠指标等。本文给出的具体计算方法和目前设计规范中彩的方法是相对应的。 相似文献
134.
印尼苏门答腊8.7级大震对中国陆区的影响 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16
发生在2004年12月26日的印尼苏门答腊8.7级地震,是全球有地震台网以来100多年中记录到的少数几次特大地震之一。初步汇集了在中国陆区观测到的地震活动、地壳形变、地下流体等多学科震时和震后效应的异常变化,包括地震活动性(特别是云南地区)的显著增强;地壳形变观测,尤其是钻孔应变观测记录到地壳应力-应变的震时和震后显著变化,以及地下水温度、化学成分、特别是水位的突出变化。同时,还从库仑破裂应力触发、动态应力触发以及下地壳和上地幔流动变形机制等方面,对这些大震效应作了一些成因机理讨论。 相似文献
135.
在单针进样器的基础上,增加一个三通流路同时进样,在线消解-流动注射分光光度法测定水中挥发酚及氰化物。实验结果表明,挥发酚浓度在0mg/L~0.2mg/L、氰化物浓度在0mg/L~0.5mg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系。通过在线气体扩散分离技术,提高了分析速度,每小时可完成12个~15个样品的分析。方法的相对标准偏差〈5%,回收率在90.4%~108.5%之间。 相似文献
136.
137.
The mechanisms which control the formation and maintenance of pool–riffles are fundamental aspects of channel form and process. Most of the previous investigations on pool–riffle sequences have focused on alluvial rivers, and relatively few exist on the maintenance of these bedforms in boulder-bed channels. Here, we use a high-resolution two-dimensional flow model to investigate the interactions among large roughness elements, channel hydraulics, and the maintenance of a forced pool–riffle sequence in a boulder-bed stream. Model output indicates that at low discharge, a peak zone of shear stress and velocity occurs over the riffle. At or near bankfull discharge, the peak in velocity and shear stress is found at the pool head because of strong flow convergence created by large roughness elements. The strength of flow convergence is enhanced during model simulations of bankfull flow, resulting in a narrow, high velocity core that is translated through the pool head and pool center. The jet is strengthened by a backwater effect upstream of the constriction and the development of an eddy zone on the lee side of the boulder. The extent of flow convergence and divergence is quantified by identifying the effective width, defined here as the width which conveys 90% of the highest modeled velocities. At low flow, the ratio of effective width between the pool and riffle is roughly 1:1, indicating little flow convergence or divergence. At bankfull discharge, the ratio of effective width is approximately 1:3 between the pool and downstream riffle, illustrating the strong flow convergence at the pool head. The effective width tends to equalize again with a ratio of 1:1 between the pool and riffle during a modeled discharge of a five-year flood, as the large roughness elements above the pool become drowned out. Results suggest that forced pool–riffle sequences in boulder-bed streams are maintained by flows at or near bankfull discharge because of stage-dependent variability in depth-averaged velocity and tractive force. 相似文献
138.
Digital Image Based Approach for Three-Dimensional Mechanical Analysis of Heterogeneous Rocks 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary This paper presents a digital image based approach for three-dimensional (3-D) numerical simulation and failure analysis of
rocks by taking into account the actual 3-D heterogeneity. Digital image techniques are adopted to extract two-dimensional
(2-D) material heterogeneity from material surface images. The 2-D image mesostructures are further extrapolated to 3-D cuboid
mesostructures by assuming the material surface as a representation of the inner material heterogeneity within a very small
depth. The iterative milling and scanning system is set up to generate the 3-D rock mesostructures. A Hong Kong granite specimen
is used as an example to demonstrate the procedure of 3-D mesostructure establishment. The mechanical responses and failure
process under the conventional Brazilian tensile test condition are examined through numerical analyses. The stress distribution,
crack propagation process and failure model of heterogeneous material cases are simulated with a finite difference software.
The numerical results indicate that material heterogeneity plays an important role in determining the failure behavior of
rocks under external loading. 相似文献
139.
140.
归纳了煤矿软岩巷道变形破坏的非均一性的表现形式,从地质工程角度分析探讨其产生的原因。认为软岩巷道变形破坏的非均一性与软岩及其环境的非均一性和工程因素有关,是这些因素导致巷道软岩力学行为过程与支护结构体系力学行为过程不相适应、非耦合之故。文中总结了相应的控制对策,指出多种对策的有机结合的必要性,强调要正确使用这些技术对策,必须首先对巷道工程地质进行细致研究,要全面掌握巷道工程地质条件,掌握软岩的力学行为特征。强调支护设计要遵循大变形岩土工程设计的思想与原则。 相似文献