Empirical statistical characterization and regionalization of amplitude–duration–frequency curves for extreme peak flows in the Lake Victoria Basin,East Africa

Abstract

This paper focuses on a regionalization attempt to partly solve data limitation problems in statistical analysis of high flows to derive discharge–duration–frequency (QDF) relationships. The analysis is based on 24 selected catchments in the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) in East Africa. Characteristics of the theoretical QDF relationships were parameterized to capture their slopes of extreme value distributions (evd), tail behaviour and scaling measures. To enable QDF estimates to be obtained for ungauged catchments, interdependence relationships between the QDF parameters were identified, and regional regression models were developed to explain the regional difference in these parameters from physiographic characteristics. In validation of the regression models, from the lowest (5 years) to the highest (25 years) return periods considered, the percentage bias in the QDF estimates ranged from –2% for the 5-year return period to 27% for 25-year return period.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis     

鄱阳湖流域水文变化特征成因及旱涝规律

本研究分析了1960-2008年鄱阳湖流域的气候和水文变化特征,用水量和能量平衡关系解释和印证了这些特征,并由此揭示了鄱阳湖流域水文变化特征的成因及干旱和洪涝发生的规律.得到以下主要结论:1)正常或偏湿年份鄱阳湖流域6月份容纳水量能力已达到饱和,若6-7月降水量超出正常年份,则流域超饱和,洪涝发生.长江中上游降水量7月份的异常偏多会对鄱阳湖流域的洪涝起触发和强化作用.2)鄱阳湖流域7-10月蒸发量大于降水量,特别是7-8月蒸发量大于降水量的一倍以上,所以若4-6月流域降水量少于平均年同期量的20％以上,则累积效应使秋旱发生.当初冬(11月)降水偏少时,秋旱可持续到来年的初春,形成严重的春旱.长江中上游降水量对鄱阳湖流域的春旱没有直接影响,但7-8月降水量偏少时则对秋旱起重要的强化作用.3)长江对鄱阳湖流域的水文过程和旱涝的发生、发展的影响主要在7-8月的“长江与鄱阳湖耦合作用”时期和9-10月的“弱长江作用”期.     

1998年夏季中国暴雨洪涝灾害的气象水文特征

文章分析了1998年夏季我国长江、嫩江、珠江流域发生的严重洪涝灾害的气象、水文特征及其成因。6月中、下旬珠江、长江、嫩江流域出现了持续性强降水, 局部地区下了大暴雨; 7月下旬长江流域出现了“二度梅”, 湖南、湖北和江西省普降暴雨; 8月上半月嫩江流域再次出现持续性强降水。频繁的强降水使长江、嫩江、华南西江等干、支流水位迅猛上涨, 支流河水不断涌入干流, 使得干流洪峰迭起。雨水和洪峰迭加, 引发了百年一遇的大洪水。1998年7月副热带高压南落是造成长江流域“二度梅”的主要原因。副热带高压、南海季风涌、中高纬冷空气和从青藏高原东移的中尺度对流系统 (MCS) 等4个因子的最佳组配, 有利于长江流域出现持续性强降水。     

Entropy inference of recurrence models for variability analysis of extreme events

A complete methodology is developed to analyze the recurrence of extreme environmental events and its variability as time without further events elapses. Firstly we investigate the conditioned recurrence inference problem consisting in the selection of a probability model for the interarrival time between extreme events, given a contexto-factual evidence conditioned by the time elapsed since the last of such events. Two ways to include this condition can be considered, which yield alternative conditioned evidences and convert the former problem into two distinct ones, thus giving rise to a possible consistency violation. These problems are formalized within the logical probability framework, in a plausible logic language that allows a suitable expression of the available observational data. They are solved using the REF relative entropy method with fractile constraints, and their solutions are compared at all inference levels. It is concluded that the two conditioning ways are not really mutually exclusive and that a unique global solution to the conditioned inference can be obtained using this procedure. An example illustrates an application of the methodology to the variability analysis of the recurrence time between historical inundations of the Guadalquivir river in Spain, as time elapses with no new floods.Acknowledgments. Support for this work was provided by DGI of Spain as the grant REN2000-2988-E/CLI and the research project REN2002-01337/CLI.     

The 2020 Summer Floods and 2020/21 Winter Extreme Cold Surges in China and the 2020 Typhoon Season in the Western North Pacific

China experienced significant flooding in the summer of 2020 and multiple extreme cold surges during the winter of 2020/21. Additionally, the 2020 typhoon season had below average activity with especially quiet activity during the first half of the season in the western North Pacific(WNP). Sea surface temperature changes in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans all contributed to the heavy rainfall in China, but the Atlantic and Indian Oceans seem to have played dominant roles. Enhancement and movement of the Siberian High caused a wavier pattern in the jet stream that allowed cold polar air to reach southward, inducing cold surges in China. Large vertical wind shear and low humidity in the WNP were responsible for fewer typhoons in the first half of the typhoon season. Although it is known that global warming can increase the frequency of extreme weather and climate events, its influences on individual events still need to be quantified.Additionally, the extreme cold surge during 16–18 February 2021 in the United States shares similar mechanisms with the winter 2020/21 extreme cold surges in China.     

第四纪冰川遗迹的判别标准与方法问题——兼论蒙山巨砾堆积堤之成因

判断中国东部中低山地冰川作用遗迹的真伪,只能通过科学实践检验和学术争鸣加以解决。利用实地考察所测数据资料,证明山东蒙山确无第四纪冰川遗迹。包括蒙山在内的山东中低山丘陵,迄今为止没有发现符合判别标准的末次冰期冰川地貌三要素组合。蒙山兰溪峡谷的谷形指数（0.07~0.24）与世界各地真正的冰川槽谷不符,被当作冰川证据的蒙山兰溪峡谷谷壁擦痕和拦马墙巨砾堆积堤砾石擦痕,不具有作为冰川地貌证据的唯一性或专属性,而是砾石沿河谷滚动、拖拽摩擦和撞击的结果。不连续、不对称分布于兰溪下游凹岸的拦马墙巨砾堆积堤,沿流向延伸或呈流线构造,具有平行主流的平顶、陡坡砾石堆和立石等景观,砾石的圆度、分选和砾组构造均指向泥石流堆积堤或特大洪水巨石边滩。它可能是1668年7月25日郯城大地震保存下来的群发性灾害遗迹。     

区域性极端骤发干旱与传统干旱事件形成过程的对比

2009/2010年云贵地区（YGR）和2013年夏季中南地区（CSC）发生了近几十年以来最严重的干旱事件。文中对比了两次干旱事件的发展速度,基于水分收支原理,诊断影响干旱发展的物理过程。结果显示,CSC干旱发展前,温度升高,蒸散发增加,土壤湿度减少,高温和降水减少对干旱有触发作用;而YGR的降水减少使干旱开始发展。CSC干旱事件发展迅速,YGR干旱事件发展缓慢,同时前者干旱的维持和恢复时间也短于后者,这些差异与蒸散发过程强弱有关。CSC干旱事件发展阶段,蒸散发过程强,平均为4.7 mm/d,8 d时间,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%,促使干旱快速形成（典型骤发干旱）。YGR干旱发展阶段,蒸散发过程弱,平均为1.7 mm/d,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%历时2个多月（传统干旱）。蒸散发的强弱主要与区域大气柱的水汽净辐散有关。CSC干旱发展阶段,其大气柱水汽净辐散达每天3.1 kg/m²,增强了陆气水分交换,使蒸散发远大于降水,土壤湿度快速下降,加快干旱发展速度。YGR的区域大气柱水汽净辐散为每天1.1 kg/m²,只有CSC的1/3,使干旱发展缓慢。两个干旱事件的大气柱水汽净辐散主要发生在经向方向,即由区域北界相对较强的经向水汽输送引起。     

我国长江、黄河两流域旱涝规律成因与预测研究的进展、成果与问题

The advances obtained by the project "Investigation on Laws, Causes and Predictions of Droughts And Floods In The Yellow River valley And The Yangtze River valley of China" for this three years are reviewed in this paper. The laws of decadal scale, interannual and Intraseasonal variations and circulation conditions of droughts and floods in these two valleys are analysed in detail. Moreover, the preliminary views of the causes of droughts and floods in these two valleys are put forward. The investigations of the project have pointed out that the thermal state in the western Pacific warm pool and the connective activities over the warm pool and the connective activities over the Tibetan Plateau may be siganificant causes of droughts and floods caused in these two valleys. Besides, the numerical simulation of occurance and circulation condition of droughts and floods resulted in these two valleys and their prediction experiments have been made by using the atmospheric general circulation model.
In this paper, the problems in research of the project are also analysed so that to obtain the investigated results in more higher level.     

1644-2009年黄河中游旱涝序列重建与特征诊断

据清代各县级政区的历史沿革,及现存历史文献资料的详细程度,选取黄河中游18个代表站点,在提高空间分辨率的基础上,采用旱涝等级法与面积加权法重建了1644-2009年各站点旱涝等级序列。利用小波分析、累积距平、滑动t-检验等方法,检测了全区过去366年旱涝发生的周期、阶段性和突变点。结果显示:旱涝序列存在21年、70年、114年左右的多年代际尺度周期信号;1644-1683年、1737-1775年、1885-1921年为多雨期,1684-1736年、1776-1814年、1922-2001年为少雨期;目前黄河中游开始进入雨涝多发期;1815-1895年旱涝波动频繁,气候进入不稳定期;过去366年存在2个由干旱转为雨涝期的气候突变点,分别位于1723-1726和1814-1816年。