Global height datum unification: a new approach in gravity potential space

The problem of “global height datum unification” is solved in the gravity potential space based on: (1) high-resolution local gravity field modeling, (2) geocentric coordinates of the reference benchmark, and (3) a known value of the geoid’s potential. The high-resolution local gravity field model is derived based on a solution of the fixed-free two-boundary-value problem of the Earth’s gravity field using (a) potential difference values (from precise leveling), (b) modulus of the gravity vector (from gravimetry), (c) astronomical longitude and latitude (from geodetic astronomy and/or combination of (GNSS) Global Navigation Satellite System observations with total station measurements), (d) and satellite altimetry. Knowing the height of the reference benchmark in the national height system and its geocentric GNSS coordinates, and using the derived high-resolution local gravity field model, the gravity potential value of the zero point of the height system is computed. The difference between the derived gravity potential value of the zero point of the height system and the geoid’s potential value is computed. This potential difference gives the offset of the zero point of the height system from geoid in the “potential space”, which is transferred into “geometry space” using the transformation formula derived in this paper. The method was applied to the computation of the offset of the zero point of the Iranian height datum from the geoid’s potential value W ₀=62636855.8 m²/s². According to the geometry space computations, the height datum of Iran is 0.09 m below the geoid.     

Effects of detailed soil spatial information on watershed modeling across different model scales

Hydro-ecological modelers often use spatial variation of soil information derived from conventional soil surveys in simulation of hydro-ecological processes over watersheds at mesoscale (10–100 km²). Conventional soil surveys are not designed to provide the same level of spatial detail as terrain and vegetation inputs derived from digital terrain analysis and remote sensing techniques. Soil property layers derived from conventional soil surveys are often incompatible with detailed terrain and remotely sensed data due to their difference in scales. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of scale incompatibility between soil information and the detailed digital terrain data and remotely sensed information by comparing simulations of watershed processes based on the conventional soil map and those simulations based on detailed soil information across different simulation scales. The detailed soil spatial information was derived using a GIS (geographical information system), expert knowledge, and fuzzy logic based predictive mapping approach (Soil Land Inference Model, SoLIM). The Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) is used to simulate two watershed processes: net photosynthesis and stream flow. The difference between simulation based on the conventional soil map and that based on the detailed predictive soil map at a given simulation scale is perceived to be the effect of scale incompatibility between conventional soil data and the rest of the (more detailed) data layers at that scale. Two modeling approaches were taken in this study: the lumped parameter approach and the distributed parameter approach. The results over two small watersheds indicate that the effect does not necessarily always increase or decrease as the simulation scale becomes finer or coarser. For a given watershed there seems to be a fixed scale at which the effect is consistently low for the simulated processes with both the lumped parameter approach and the distributed parameter approach.     

51463迁站后与原站址的气候要素差异分析

迁站造成气象要素的不连续性，对资料使用带来困难，利用迁站后的对比观测资料，分析气温、风、降水资源的差异发现，季平均气温、最高、最低气温老站址均高于新站址；季平均风速、降水量老站址小于新站性，同时提出了一些差异量，供资料使用者参考。     

柯树背岩体的元素地球化学特征及其成矿意义

对柯树背岩体的岩石化学，稀土元素，微量元素及铀金成矿元素进行了系统的研究。研究结果表明：柯树背岩体F9大断裂（鹰潭－安远深大断裂）以东部分（东体）与F9大断裂以西部分（西体）在稀土分布模式，微量元素，铀金成矿元素及矿化特征上存在很大的差别，东体与寨背岩体类似，为同熔系列花岗岩，对铀成矿不利；西体为重熔再生岩浆成因的改造型花岗岩，对铀成矿有利，具有良好的成矿远景。     

工程场地的特征与工程地质分区

工程场地与城市在空间尺度上相去甚远 ,但工程场地所具备的与环境行为相近的共性 ,使其属性分析可以推广应用到城市建设所面对的整个工程地质环境。从这一意义上说 ,工程场地是整个城市宏观工程地质环境的微观单元 ,众多微观单元的组合构成了环境的宏观总体。为此 ,工程场地的三大属性特性、适宜性、稳定性 ,可以作为城市工程地质环境分析中分析方法的基础。从工程场地分析推广到城市工程地质环境分析 ,还将有助于保证城市工程地质环境分析的定量化水平。     

FLAC数值模拟软件及其在地学中的应用

FLAC是以拉格朗日差分法为基础的一种数值模拟应用软件,主要用于岩土力学工程。近年地质学家将其应用到地质构造和块体运动学、动力学研究中,以证实或证伪地球学家们提出的相关地球动力学模型。本文初步介绍了FLAC应用软件的基本原理、使用方法以及它在国内外地质学上的几个应用实例。     

碳酸盐岩岩溶作用的元素地球化学表征--以塔河1号的S60井为例

通过对塔河地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩及其胶结物方解石的化学成分及方解石晶体微形貌研究后认为 :塔河一号S6 0井埋深 5 433.2 0～ 5 435m发育的岩溶角砾灰岩,属于高度大于 2m的大型古岩溶洞穴沉积;而埋深 5 435m中晶洞中的方解石是地表岩溶带的早中期的淡水与海水的混合带的产物。在本文中,作者指出碳酸盐岩矿物学及地球化学可有效地应用于表生岩溶作用中的深度、强度、期次以及成岩序列及古沉积环境判别等项研究中。     

离散裂隙渗流方法与裂隙化渗透介质建模

流体渗流模拟的连续介质方法通常适用于多孔地质体，并不一定适用于裂隙岩体，由于裂隙分布及其特征与孔隙差异较大。若流体渗流主要受裂隙的控制，对于一定尺寸的裂隙岩体，多孔介质假设则较难刻划裂隙岩体的渗流特征。离散裂隙渗流方法不但可直接用于模拟裂隙岩体非均质性和各向异性等渗流特征，而且可用其确定所研究的裂隙岩体典型单元体及其水力传导（渗透）张量大小。主要讨论了以下问题：（1）饱和裂隙介质中一般的离散流体渗流模拟；（2）裂隙岩体中的REV（典型单元体）及其水力传导（渗透）张量的确定；（3）利用离散裂隙网络流体渗流模型研究裂隙方向几何参数对水力传导系数和REV的影响；（4）在二维和三维离散裂隙流体渗流模型中对区域大裂隙和局部小裂隙的处理方法。调查结果显示离散裂隙流体渗流数学模型可用来评价不同尺度上的裂隙岩体的水力特征，以及裂隙方向对裂隙化岩体的水力特征有着不可忽视的影响。同时，局部小裂隙、区域大裂隙应当区别对待，以便据其所起的作用及水力特征，建立裂隙化岩体相应的流体渗流模型。     

遗传算法在边坡数值计算中的应用

改进了进化方向的遗传算法与有限元数值法，结合并研制了相应的软件。应用该软件对多类型岩土边坡进行弹性模量、内聚力、内摩擦角等参数反演分析，显示误差很小，收敛速度也很快，这说明改进进化方向遗传算法这种新型的优化算法在多类型岩土参数优化估计中具有独特的优势。     

Groundwater-flow modeling in the Yucatan karstic aquifer, Mexico

The current conceptual model of the unconfined karstic aquifer in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, is that a fresh-water lens floats above denser saline water that penetrates more than 40 km inland. The transmissivity of the aquifer is very high so the hydraulic gradient is very low, ranging from 7–10 mm/km through most of the northern part of the peninsula. The computer modeling program AQUIFER was used to investigate the regional groundwater flow in the aquifer. The karstified zone was modeled using the assumption that it acts hydraulically similar to a granular, porous medium. As part of the calibration, the following hypotheses were tested: (1) karstic features play an important role in the groundwater-flow system; (2) a ring or belt of sinkholes in the area is a manifestation of a zone of high transmissivity that facilitates the channeling of groundwater toward the Gulf of Mexico; and (3) the geologic features in the southern part of Yucatan influence the groundwater-flow system. The model shows that the Sierrita de Ticul fault, in the southwestern part of the study area, acts as a flow barrier and head values decline toward the northeast. The modeling also shows that the regional flow-system dynamics have not been altered despite the large number of pumping wells because the volume of water pumped is small compared with the volume of recharge, and the well-developed karst system of the region has a very high hydraulic conductivity. Electronic Publication