In two waters: contemporary evolution of lagoonal and marine white seabream (Diplodus sargus) populations

Brackish water ecosystems are often exposed to wide variations in environmental variables, including temperature and salinity, which may cause strong selective pressures on organisms modifying the genetic patterns of species. The aim of this work was to test whether there is a ‘divergence-with-gene flow’ in coastal lagoon populations of white seabream (Diplodus sargus) (Ria Formosa, S Portugal and Mar Menor, SE Spain) respect to four marine populations, by using partial sequences of cyt b mitochondrial gene and information from nine microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity was highest in both coastal lagoons (Mar Menor and Ria Formosa) considering mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Although some of F_ST population pairwise comparisons were not significant, analyses of molecular variance (AMOVAs) detected differences between groups (coastal lagoon and marine) close to significance. Also, only two haplotypes (Cytb-17 and Cytb-18) were detected in both coastal lagoon sampling sites and these localities (Mar Menor and Ria Formosa) showed the highest number of singletons, some of them with a high number of mutations, as has been already described for other Mar Menor populations (Pomatochistus marmoratus and Holothuria polii). Also, several tests detected significant positive and balancing selection considering mtDNA and microsatellite data. These data support the hypothesis of selection as one of the drivers of the genetic differences found between coastal lagoon and marine populations. The life strategy adopted by Diplodus sargus in coastal lagoons allows it to decrease its mortality rate and improve the heritability of its genes. Also, the increase time spent in coastal lagoons with different temperatures and salinities favours the fitness selection and the maintenance of exclusive haplotypes and genotypes in coastal lagoon inhabitants favouring the ‘divergence-with-gene-flow’.     

中国地质学会百年庆典活动标识及使用要求

2022年,中国地质学会迎来了百年华诞,为进一步扩大百年庆典活动的影响力,于2021年6月向社会公开征集活动标识。经遴选,拟启用下图作为中国地质学会百年华诞庆典活动唯一指定标识。     

The interplay of sediment characteristics,depth, water temperature,and ocean currents shaping the biogeography of lancelets (Subphylum Cephalochordata) in the NW Pacific waters

Lancelets (or amphioxus) are often found within the soft bottom of shallow tropical and temperate seas. The present study is the first to provide a fine‐scale biogeography of five species of lancelets (Asymmetron lucayanum, Branchiostoma belcheri, Branchiostoma japonicum, Epigonichthys cultellus, and Epigonichthys maldivensis) in the NW Pacific and examine the effects of multiple environmental parameters. From multivariate analyses, the distribution and abundance patterns of lancelets were explained by a combination of factors comprising depth, temperature of the collecting month, mean temperature of the coldest month in the year, medium particle size and silt/clay ratio of the sediments. In addition, ocean currents also affect their distribution range. The major occurrence of A. lucayanum and E. maldivensis was associated with the warm Kuroshio current, but E. maldivensis exhibited higher tolerance to low salinity and low temperature, and preferred substrata of slightly larger grain size, a lower ratio of suspended sediments, and deeper water. The closely related B. belcheri and B. japonicum exhibited fine‐scale habitat differentiation, and B. japonicum was abundant along the southern coast of China, where the salinity is lower in winter because of the China Coastal Current and the substratum is composed of very coarse sand with suspended sediments. Branchiostoma belcheri occurred in low abundance and was only recorded in Northern Taiwan and the Taiwan Banks. Epigonichthys cultellus was found only at the Taiwan Banks, which had deep water, coarse sand, and a negligible amount of suspended sediments.     

Temporal partitioning of microhabitat use among four juvenile fish species of the genus Diplodus (Pisces: Perciformes,Sparidae)

Timing, microhabitat selection and behavior from the onset of settlement to recruitment to the adult population of juvenile fishes of the genus Diplodus (Pisces: Sparidae) were investigated along a rocky coastline in the Central Mediterranean Sea. The settlement periods in Diplodus sargus and Diplodus annularis were concentrated in spring, between late May and early June, and the recruits leave the nursery grounds in late September–October. Juvenile fishes of Diplodus puntazzo and Diplodus vulgaris showed a partial time overlapping, sharing the same zones in winter and early spring, from February to May. Multiple correspondence analysis showed that sea breams settle in well‐defined habitats. The smallest juveniles of D. sargus and D. puntazzo settled primarily in the shallowest sheltered pebbly areas, located in sciaphilous crannies covered by red algae. Diplodus vulgaris settlers were observed on a wider range of substrata: rock on sand, gravel and pebbles without algal cover or large boulders, generally in deeper waters. The intermediate‐size juveniles of D. sargus, D. puntazzo and D. vulgaris showed a preference for rocky substrata with substantial algal cover, with arborescent structures (Phaeophyceae). Diplodus annularis juveniles showed high fidelity to seagrass beds (Posidonia oceanica). The home range increased over time in all species, highlighting a loss of substrate specificity: larger juveniles were even observed in deeper and different microhabitats outside nursery grounds. This study suggests that shallow infra‐littoral rocky communities with photophilic algae play a key role in recruitment of sparid fishes, affecting the distribution and abundance of juvenile fishes and therefore determining the renewal of populations and the structure of adult assemblages.     

Evaluating the robustness of models developed from field spectral data in predicting African grass foliar nitrogen concentration using WorldView-2 image as an independent test dataset

In this paper, we evaluate the extent to which the resampled field spectra compare with the actual image spectra of the new generation multispectral WorldView-2 (WV-2) satellite. This was achieved by developing models from resampled field spectra data and testing them on an actual WV-2 image of the study area. We evaluated the performance of reflectance ratios (RI), normalized difference indices (NDI) and random forest (RF) regression model in predicting foliar nitrogen concentration in a grassland environment. The field measured spectra were used to calibrate the RF model using a randomly selected training (n = 70%) nitrogen data set. The model developed from the field spectra resampled to WV-2 wavebands was validated on an independent field spectral test dataset as well as on the actual WV-2 image of the same area (n = 30%, bootstrapped a 100 times). The results show that the model developed using RI could predict nitrogen with a mean R² of 0.74 and 0.65 on an independent field spectral test data set and on the actual WV-2 image, respectively. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSE %) was 0.17 and 0.22 for the field test data set and the WV-2 image, respectively. Results provide an insight on the magnitude of errors that are expected when up-scaling field spectral models to airborne or satellite image data. The prediction also indicates the unceasing relevance of field spectroscopy studies to better understand the spectral models critical for vegetation quality assessment.     

道路网层次骨架控制的道路选取方法

提出了基于路网层次骨架控制的道路自动选取方法。首先,该方法以stroke为单位,利用中介中心性值对stroke进行层次结构划分;其次,采用结构特征识别完善道路层次骨架;第三,基于层次骨架间的连通关系建立逐层传递的stroke重要性计算模型;最后,通过该计算模型自上而下的逐层计算,得到stroke重要性,并据此完成道路网选取。采用3种典型道路网数据,对本方法与其他主要常规stroke选取方法进行对比,试验结果表明本方法不但对语义的依赖性极低,同时消除了中介中心性在评价道路重要性时对边缘道路的不利影响,在保持道路网整体结构和层次性上有较为明显的优势,可适用于各种形态的道路网选取。     

兴趣点选取的路网分割并行计算法

兴趣点,又称POI(points of interest)是网络地图、导航地图中重要的表达要素,包括餐饮、娱乐、金融机构、旅游景点、地标建筑、加油站、停车场等人们日常生活中最为经常使用的信息。其数据的准确性、属性的丰富程度、表达的清晰度及其实时显示效率都将影响地图的服务质量。当前POI表达存在许多问题,特别是在用户搜索特定信息时,由于查询结果数据量较大,造成POI的叠置、压盖等,这一问题严重影响了用户对POI信息的查询与检索。地图综合提供了大量的算子算法以实现点或点群要素的选取,但是它们在综合效率方面亟待提高。面向矢量数据处理的并行计算,其数据划分不仅需要满足负载均衡、划分算法高效等要求,而且对于划分后各部分数据在计算前后拓扑关系的保持也显得尤为重要。兴趣点与路划网络是密切相关的要素,两者之间存在着相互依存的空间关系。本文提出基于路划网眼划分兴趣点的方法,既能保证兴趣点的划分效率,又能保证不同分区内POI选取计算的正确性。选择点选取算法中的"圆"增长算法,采用典型试验区域的路划网眼数据,基于不同节点数划分兴趣点数据,实现兴趣点选取并行计算。试验证明,该方法不仅保证了兴趣点划分的均衡性,而且可以提高兴趣点选取计算效率。通过这一研究,对面向矢量数据的地理信息分析、地图制图综合等复杂算法的并行计算具有重要意义。     

基于路段重要度评价的道路网自动制图综合研究

道路网自动综合是GIS研究的重要基础理论问题。顾及道路重要性对路网制图综合的影响,采用基于对偶拓扑的复杂网络理论构建城市路网对偶拓扑模型,并基于该路网模型建立路段重要度评价方法,进而提出一种基于路段重要度评价的路网自动制图综合方法。实验表明,该方法能够有效地完成不同比例尺下路网的自动综合。     

北斗三频数据线性组合优化分析

随着GPS现代化的实施和欧洲Galileo计划的实行,多频数据组合逐渐成为卫星导航定位的发展方向。针对关于北斗导航定位系统多频数据组合的研究较少这一现状,该文首先简要介绍了北斗导航定位系统,并在分析BDS三频数据线性组合的数学模型和确保模糊度参数整数特性的基础之上,给出了BDS三频数据线性组合的优化选取标准;然后从消除或减弱电离层延迟、对流层延迟和观测噪声三个方面系统地分析了BDS三频数据线性组合系数的优化选取问题;最后通过MATLAB模拟,给出了一些典型的组合,分析了它们可能的应用。