世界各国日像仪主要性能比较

本文是世界各国日像仪的天线阵性能汇集,包括日、俄、法、中、美等专用日像仪及美国、印度、巴西等兼作日像仪的天线阵,列出了几个典型天线阵列排列及接收系统。附录中列出了等口径及不等口径天线阵列的灵敏度及动态范围计算公式,同时列出了视场、角分辨率等公式。便于读者自行分析,计算,比较各天线阵列性能。     

Scientific field training for human planetary exploration

Forthcoming human planetary exploration will require increased scientific return (both in real time and post-mission), longer surface stays, greater geographical coverage, longer and more frequent EVAs, and more operational complexities than during the Apollo missions. As such, there is a need to shift the nature of astronauts’ scientific capabilities to something akin to an experienced terrestrial field scientist. To achieve this aim, the authors present a case that astronaut training should include an Apollo-style curriculum based on traditional field school experiences, as well as full immersion in field science programs. Herein we propose four Learning Design Principles (LDPs) focused on optimizing astronaut learning in field science settings. The LDPs are as follows:

(1)

LDP#1: Provide multiple experiences: varied field science activities will hone astronauts’ abilities to adapt to novel scientific opportunities

(2)

LDP#2: Focus on the learner: fostering intrinsic motivation will orient astronauts towards continuous informal learning and a quest for mastery

(3)

LDP#3: Provide a relevant experience—the field site: field sites that share features with future planetary missions will increase the likelihood that astronauts will successfully transfer learning

(4)

LDP#4: Provide a social learning experience—the field science team and their activities: ensuring the field team includes members of varying levels of experience engaged in opportunities for discourse and joint problem solving will facilitate astronauts’ abilities to think and perform like a field scientist.

The proposed training program focuses on the intellectual and technical aspects of field science, as well as the cognitive manner in which field scientists experience, observe and synthesize their environment. The goal of the latter is to help astronauts develop the thought patterns and mechanics of an effective field scientist, thereby providing a broader base of experience and expertise than could be achieved from field school alone. This will enhance their ability to execute, explore and adapt as in-field situations require.     

Growth performance of the clam, Meretrix meretrix, breedingselection populations cultured in different conditions

A breeding-selection program for the clam,Meretrix meretrix,was conducted since 2004.Two of the selection populations were generated with the shell color pattern as an additional selection criterion and named as SP(purple stripes)population and SB(black dots)population.The third-generation SP and SB populations(08G3SP and 08G3SB,respectively)were cultured at two commercial clam farms and a nursery pond and their shell lengths were compared.08G3SB clams had significantly larger sizes than 08G3SP clams at commercial clam farms(p<0.05),yet 08G3SB individuals were significantly smaller than 08G3SP individuals at the nursery pond(p<0.05).Then,we examined the growth of the fourth-generation SP and SB populations(10G4SP and 10G4SB,respectively)at a commercial farm,and found that the shell lengths of the 10G4SB clams increased at a significantly higher growth rate than the 10G4SP clams(p<0.05)from May to September,when the water temperature was between 24.2–27.5 C,while 10G4SB lost the growth advantage in the other months.These results indicated that SP and SB populations responded differently to environmental factors,so it is beneficial for the clam farmers to select a suitable population according to the culture environment.Furthermore,a diallel mating of the SB and SP populations was designed to investigate whether their hybrid population would show heterosis.However,the heterosis was not shown in this study,which might result from the slight genetic divergence between SB and SP populations.     

Detection of nitric acid (HNO<Subscript>3</Subscript>) in the atmosphere using the LOPAP technique

A new instrument (LOPAP: LOng Path liquid Absorption Photometer) for the sensitive detection of nitric acid (HNO₃) in the atmosphere is described. HNO₃ is sampled in a temperature controlled stripping coil mounted in an external sampling module to minimize sampling artefacts in sampling lines. After conversion into a strongly absorbing dye, HNO₃ is detected in long path absorption in special Teflon® AF 2400 tubes used as liquid core wave guides. For the correction of some interferences, due to for example HONO and particle nitrate, two channels are used in series. The interferences from several potential interfering compounds including particle nitrate were quantified in the laboratory and in a large outdoor simulation chamber. With the exception of the interference caused by N₂O₅, which is quantitatively measured by the instrument, all tested interferences can be corrected under atmospheric conditions. Thus, in the instrument only the sum of N(V) from HNO₃ and N₂O₅ is determined, which is expected to be a common problem of wet chemical HNO₃ instruments. The instrument has a detection limit of 5–30 pptv for a time response of 6–2 min, respectively and was validated against the FTIR technique in a large outdoor simulation chamber. In addition, the applicability of the instrument was demonstrated in a field campaign.     

玉树地震地表破裂调查与灾后重建避让选址研究

2010年4月14日07时49分40.7秒,青海省玉树县发生Ms7.1级地震。通过现场调查和分析,玉树地震的发震断裂是甘孜—玉树活动断裂的玉树段,地震产生的地表破裂长度为23km,走向北西西—北西,总体表现为左旋走滑特征,可进一步分为3段:西段呈连续延伸的左旋走滑破裂,在隆宝镇的"郭央烟宋多"附近(坐标:北纬33°03′11″、东经96°51′26″)最大水平位移达1.75m,可定为宏观震中;中段主要位于县城南侧,由多条右阶斜列的破裂组成;东段表现为逆冲兼左旋走滑。玉树地震除了造成大量房屋破坏外,次生地质灾害主要包括:地震砂土液化及其引起的公路变形、地震滑坡、地震诱发水渠破坏及其链生土质滑坡和泥石流等。通过对内外动力地质灾害的综合分析,初步提出了玉树地震灾区灾后重建避让选址的建议。     

土壤铅含量高光谱遥感反演中波段选择方法研究

利用高光谱遥感数据进行了南京郊外土壤重金属元素铅的含量反演,由于高光谱数据波段众多,波段选择或变换至关重要。比较了基于次贪婪的前向选择模型的最小角度拟合和基于遗传算法进行波段选择的最小二乘和偏最小二乘拟合,结果发现基于遗传算法的偏最小二乘反演结果优于全波段的偏最小二乘,表明波段选择在高光谱反演重金属中是有益的。尽管采取了波段选择后的各方法在反演时均能达到70%以上的训练精度,但因遗传算法搜索的解空间范围更宽广,使得基于遗传算法的偏最小二乘优于前向选择模型的最小角度拟合。最后还比较了基于遗传算法的普通最小二乘和偏最小二乘拟合,结果表明偏最小二乘更优,因此在高光谱反演重金属含量当中,偏最小二乘精度较高,而在波段选择方法中,遗传算法更优。     

塔河油田四区奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线研究

塔里木盆地是我国的重要油气勘探区和产区,但是到目前为止,对塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞系统还认识不足,因而严重地影响了塔河油田的勘探开发。通过研究发现,塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的裂缝系统非常复杂,主要有两类裂缝:一种是构造裂缝;另一种是缝合线。前人认为前者重要,而忽略后者;而笔者等认为后者比前者更加重要。塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线非常发育,其频度是与石油成藏有一定关系的非构造裂缝所能及。根据缝合线与层面的关系,可以将塔河油田的奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线分为三种:顺层缝合线、倾斜缝合线和竖直缝合线。这三种缝合线彼此交织成复杂的网络系统,构成了储层内部油气运移的最初级良好通道,同时与裂缝一起构成了有效的油气运移通道和压裂的弱结构面,为油气成藏和后期的开发创造了良好的条件。     

勘察设计企业并购模式的选择

随着我国社会主义市场经济体制改革的不断深化,加入WTO后与国际市场融入度的不断加强,企业生存与发展的环境日益呈现出市场一体化、需求多元化、竞争激烈化的特征,为了拓展企业的业务范围、扩大企业规模以及提高市场的竞争实力以应对日益激烈的市场竞争,勘察设计企业面对严峻的市场和竞争环境,结合企业自身的资源、环境和并购目的选择合适的并购模式,通过借助并购等资本运营手段,将企业做大做强,增强其综合实力,有效参与全球竞争。     

安徽省大别山区扶贫开发的产业选择和发展对策

大别山区扶贫开发和功能区生态环境保护是目前人们所广泛关注的重要课题。合理发展产业经济是实现国家重要生态功能区环境保护和脱贫的重要途径。结合大别山区贫困县的生态功能定位和产业基础,构建生态产业集中发展区和生态经济综合配套区,以六安市为例选择优势主导产业、各贫困县的生态产业,且提出生态补偿式扶贫开发中产业具体发展对策。     

基于特征选取及广义傅立叶分形的SAR图像海洋溢油检测算法

针对海上溢油SAR图像中油膜与类油膜的识别问题,提出了一种结合傅立叶分形与特征提取的检测算法。由于分形特征可以具有无穷多的细节,并在不同的研究尺度存在自仿射特性。这与油膜及类油膜表面的几何形貌特征非常吻合。该算法通过计算样本的傅立叶分形特征,组成油膜与类油膜的特征空间。然后,应用基于差分进化的特征选取方法将利于分类的重要特征值筛选出来。再利用重要特征值对原有样本进行分类。实验表明,经特征选取的分形特征向量能够以100%的准确率将两类样本区分开。该算法在选取重要特征的同时实现了对高维特征空间降维的目的,该思想可以应用于其他的基于高维特征的识别系统中,具有普遍的适用性。