师宗县高良码头公路西侧古滑坡成因与防治措施

云南师宗县高良码头公路西侧古滑坡为一中型推移式土质滑坡,滑坡体规模30.8万m3.该古滑坡曾造成南盘江短期堵塞,之后古滑坡堆积体处在临界稳定状态.由于修建的省道S207公路从滑坡下部通过,古滑坡堆积体开始蠕动,2013年8月滑坡堆积体加剧蠕动变形,后缘弧状拉张裂缝及错台变形强烈.通过多次实地调查,激发古滑坡堆积体蠕动因...     

海三菱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)根际沉积物中重金属生物有效性的影响因素

采用野外连续调查和实验分析方法,连续3年研究了海三菱藨草根际沉积物重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd）生物有效性的主要影响因素（生长季节、pH、P、Eh和DO等）。结果表明,植物不同生长季节的变化影响根际沉积物生物有效性的季节变化。具体表现为：Cu和Pb均在春、夏季可交换态含量较高,生物有效性较高,而秋、冬季可交换态较低,生物有效性较低,但碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态二者之和也比较高,具有一定的潜在生物有效性;Zn在任何季节的可交换态比例均不高,以有机结合态和残渣态的形态为主,生物有效性较低;Cd一般以残渣态为主,基本不具有生物有效性。pH值下降,春、夏季可交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态增加,而有机结合态和碳酸盐结合态减少,提高了生物有效性,而秋、冬季正好相反;磷对重金属生物有效具有直接影响的为无机磷,春、夏季随着无机磷的减少,pH值下降,提高了生物有效性。春、夏季根际Eh和溶解氧含量增加,降低了其生物有效性。     

Prototype measurements and small-scale model tests of wave overtopping at shallow rubble-mound breakwaters: the Ostia-Rome yacht harbour case

The paper presents the comparison between the results of small-scale model tests and prototype measurements of wave overtopping at a rubble-mound breakwater. The specific structure investigated is the west breakwater of the yacht harbour of Rome at Ostia (Italy) and is characterized by a gentle seaward slope (1/4) and by a long, shallow foreshore. The laboratory tests firstly aimed at carefully reproducing two measured storms in which overtopping occurred and was measured. The tests have been carried out in two independent laboratories, in a wave flume and in a wave basin, hence using a two-dimensional (2-D) and a three-dimensional (3-D) setup. In the 2-D laboratory tests no overtopping occurred during the storm reproductions; in the 3-D case discharges five to ten times smaller than those observed in prototype have been measured. This indicates the existence of model and scale effects. These effects have been discussed on the basis of the results of several parametric tests, which have been carried out in both laboratories, in addition to the storm reproductions, varying wave and water level characteristics. Final comparison of all the performed tests with 86 prototype measurements still suggests the existence of scale and model effects that induce strong underestimation of overtopping discharge at small scale. The scale reproduction of wave breaking on the foreshore, together with the 3-D features of the prototype conditions and the absence of wind stress in the laboratory measurements, have been individuated as the main sources of scale and model effects. The paper also provides a comparison between the data and a largely used formula for wave overtopping discharges in the presence of structures similar to the one at hand. The suitable value of a roughness factor that appears in that formula is investigated and good agreement is found with other recent researches on rubble-mound breakwaters.     

Provenance of deep-water reservoir sandstones from the Jubarte oil field,Campos Basin,Eastern Brazilian Margin

The provenance of the Maastrichtian deep-water reservoir sandstones from the Jubarte oil field (Campos Basin, eastern Brazil), was studied using an integrated approach that included quantitative petrography, conventional heavy mineral analysis, garnet mineral chemistry and zircon geochronology. The reservoirs are predominantly coarse, poorly-sorted sandstones with feldspathic composition derived from uplifted basement terrains. The fourth- and fifth-order depositional sequences analyzed show no major variations in composition or in provenance through time. However, variations in apatite:tourmaline presents potential to be used as a parameter for sandstone correlation within the field. The composition of heavy minerals indicates derivation from high temperature and low-to-medium pressure aluminous metapelitic rocks, from granites and subordinate mafic rocks, derived from the Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain and the Oriental terrain of Ribeira orogen, characterizing a supply route from SW to NE. The low ZTR index, as well as the absence of low-grade stable heavy minerals and of metasedimentary rock fragments, suggest that by the end of Cretaceous all supracrustal, low-grade terrains had already been totally eroded, and that plutonic, infracrustal rocks were exposed, similarly to the present situation.     

2004 年夏初、秋末长江口外海区冲淡水及羽状锋的盐度特征

用国家海洋局东海环境监测中心2004年夏初（6月）和秋末（11月）对长江口外海区现场观测资料,用Matlab计算机编程语言对观测资料进行质量控制、插值网格化,绘制研究海区盐度立体分布图,显示夏初、秋末两季的盐度分布特征。将2004年夏、秋两季长江口外海区冲淡水和羽状锋的分布与以往观测研究结果对比,可得：（1）长江口外海区冲淡水的盐度值主要在5—31之间,冲淡水前缘盐度锋面的盐度值为18—28;盐度值20—28的盐度锋面基本体现该海区羽状锋的特征及变化。（2）夏初长江口外海区冲淡水范围明显大于秋末,夏初该海区以冲淡水为主,秋末冲淡水的范围收缩,紧贴沿岸一带。相应地,夏初该海区羽状锋呈倾斜锋面,占据较大的海区;秋末则为垂直锋面,介于122．50°E-122．70°E海区。     

热带风暴过程中珊瑚礁坪示踪砂运移的现场实验研究

１９９５年１０月在小东海珊瑚礁海岸的礁坪上进行了示踪砂运动的现场实验。本次实验对浪,流以及示踪砂采样作了同步观测。根据所获的实验数据,分析在９５１６号热带风暴天气过程礁坪上示踪砂运移的基本规律。在一级近似下,测定并计算了泥沙在波生流作用下的漂移速度与流速比因子０．００２,混合深度小于２ｃｍ。这一结果与其它已往结果相比明显小得多。     

关于虚拟地理环境研究的几点思考

该文主要回答了目前被频繁问及的有关虚拟地理环境的几个问题。重点阐述了虚拟地理环境的概念、发展现状及其基本理论、方法、关键技术与应用,以及与传统地理信息系统的区别。指出虚拟地理环境是在空间数据库和地理模型管理基础上构建的、同时表达地理静态和模拟动态现象的、面向多用户的分布式协同虚拟环境。因此,虚拟地理环境突破地理信息系统以数据共享为核心的框架,走向以数据库和模型库为双核心的知识共享平台,进而形成一个新知识的生成环境。     

极地环境监测网的设计及其在南极普里兹湾的应用

为了保护南极和北极的生态系统和环境,中国自20世纪90年代初开始推行和实施了极地环境监测计划,部署了各学科监测传感器阵列;采集了多学科数据,包括海洋、大气、冰冻圈、生物圈等主题;架构了"R/V雪龙号破冰船—极地考察站—国内基地"之间的快速数据传输网络;建立了海洋环境监测系统、太阳能地面空间监测系统、生态环境监测系统等系列监测系统。为了实现长期监测,达到预测和预警目标,本文针对国内外现状,在现有基础上设计了一套中国极地环境长期监测网(Polar Environment monitoring network of China,CPEMN)。该监测网集成各监测系统并在监测指标设计上覆盖我国极地所有常规监测/观测任务,且根据国际科研动态和长期监测规划拓展了预期监测范围。最后本文利用南极普里兹湾进行的破冰导航应用示范验证了CPEMN具有可执行性。     

基于景观格局变化的海岸带生态风险评价——以辽宁省瓦房店市为例

文章利用RS和GIS技术手段对辽宁省瓦房店市1990—2015年的变迁过程进行监测,得出各历史时期的土地利用变化信息。将各类土地利用信息与景观生态学相结合,利用景观格局破碎度、景观分离度、景观优势度作为指标构建景观损失指数,并利用景观组分的面积比重构建海岸带生态风险指数。基于ArcGIS和Fragstats软件平台,通过空间采样和插值方法得到区域生态风险的空间分布,据此重构了瓦房店市1990—2015年的生态风险值变化过程。监测表明,1990—2015年期间,耕地、林地和滩涂呈减少趋势,水域和建设用地逐年增加,其他类型变化幅度不大。虽然耕地所占总面积比例由45.37%减少至37.23%,但一直是瓦房店最主要的景观。25年间瓦房店生态安全总体呈下降态势,1990—2015年6时段的生态风险年平均值分别为0.211 9、0.200 3、0.203 2、0.194 9、0.209 7和0.209 1。在时间维度,1990—2005年和2010—2015年生态安全度下降明显;在空间维度,瓦房店市海岸带的李官镇-三台满族乡和谢屯镇-炮台镇的生态风险度高,西杨乡、东岗镇和驼山乡生态风险由极高降为高或中,生态安全度有所提高。研究表明,人口和社会经济发展是影响瓦房店市景观格局变化的主要因素,该区域未来海岸带要实现可持续开发必须要进行科学的规划。     

锦州9-3油田海域环境现状及其评价

1 引言 石油,作为现代社会的主要能源,在全球经济迅速发展和人口激增的情况下,世界范围内的供求在不断增长,海洋石油勘探开发规模也在不断扩大.海洋油气开发已成为我国油气战略资源的主要来源之一.