Detection of nitric acid (HNO<Subscript>3</Subscript>) in the atmosphere using the LOPAP technique

A new instrument (LOPAP: LOng Path liquid Absorption Photometer) for the sensitive detection of nitric acid (HNO₃) in the atmosphere is described. HNO₃ is sampled in a temperature controlled stripping coil mounted in an external sampling module to minimize sampling artefacts in sampling lines. After conversion into a strongly absorbing dye, HNO₃ is detected in long path absorption in special Teflon® AF 2400 tubes used as liquid core wave guides. For the correction of some interferences, due to for example HONO and particle nitrate, two channels are used in series. The interferences from several potential interfering compounds including particle nitrate were quantified in the laboratory and in a large outdoor simulation chamber. With the exception of the interference caused by N₂O₅, which is quantitatively measured by the instrument, all tested interferences can be corrected under atmospheric conditions. Thus, in the instrument only the sum of N(V) from HNO₃ and N₂O₅ is determined, which is expected to be a common problem of wet chemical HNO₃ instruments. The instrument has a detection limit of 5–30 pptv for a time response of 6–2 min, respectively and was validated against the FTIR technique in a large outdoor simulation chamber. In addition, the applicability of the instrument was demonstrated in a field campaign.     

塔河油田四区奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线研究

塔里木盆地是我国的重要油气勘探区和产区,但是到目前为止,对塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞系统还认识不足,因而严重地影响了塔河油田的勘探开发。通过研究发现,塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的裂缝系统非常复杂,主要有两类裂缝:一种是构造裂缝;另一种是缝合线。前人认为前者重要,而忽略后者;而笔者等认为后者比前者更加重要。塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线非常发育,其频度是与石油成藏有一定关系的非构造裂缝所能及。根据缝合线与层面的关系,可以将塔河油田的奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线分为三种:顺层缝合线、倾斜缝合线和竖直缝合线。这三种缝合线彼此交织成复杂的网络系统,构成了储层内部油气运移的最初级良好通道,同时与裂缝一起构成了有效的油气运移通道和压裂的弱结构面,为油气成藏和后期的开发创造了良好的条件。     

Proposed nonlinear 3-D analytical method for piled raft foundations

The load distribution and deformation of piled raft foundations subjected to axial and lateral loads were investigated by a numerical analysis and field case studies. Special attention is given to the improved analytical method (YSPR) proposed by considering raft flexibility and soil nonlinearity. A load transfer approach using p–y, t–z and q–z curves is used for the analysis of piles. An analytical method of the soil–structure interaction is developed by taking into account the soil spring coupling effects based on the Filonenko-Borodich model. The proposed method has been verified by comparing the results with other numerical methods and field case studies on piled raft. Through comparative studies, it is found that the proposed method in the present study is in good agreement with general trend observed by field measurements and, thus, represents a significant improvement in the prediction of piled raft load sharing and settlement behavior.     

数字滤波技术在射电天文测量中的应用

随着数字技术的发展，数字信号处理芯片的速度越来越快，这为高速数字滤波的实时实现提供了可能。简要阐述了数字滤波的原理，并对两种数字滤波的实现方法进行了分析；给出了数字滤波较模拟滤波的优势；介绍了数字滤波在射电天文测量中的各种应用。     

Virtual Field Geologic Trip System

Virtual Field Geologic Trip System (VFGTS) constructed by the technique of visualization can efficiently present geologic field information and widely used in the field of geologic education. This paper introduces the developing thinking of VFGTS and discusses the main implement processes. Building VFGTS mainly includes systemically gathering of field geological data, the building of virtual geological world, and displaying of virtual geologic world and human-computer interaction.     

卵石地层的特殊性及其对基坑支护的影响分析

主要从卵石地层的特征分类、特殊结构及场内施工条件3个方面,对基坑支护结构选型及施工工艺选择进行深入、系统的分析论证,力求使在卵石地层中的基坑支护设计方案更科学、经济,使施工方法、工艺更具可操作性。     

Clinoform geometry,geomorphology, facies character and stratigraphic architecture of a sand‐rich subaqueous delta: Jurassic Sognefjord Formation,offshore Norway

The integration of core sedimentology, seismic stratigraphy and seismic geomorphology has enabled interpretation of delta‐scale (i.e. tens of metres high) subaqueous clinoforms in the upper Jurassic Sognefjord Formation of the Troll Field. Mud‐prone subaqueous deltas characterized by a compound clinoform morphology and sandy delta‐scale subaqueous clinoforms are common in recent tide‐influenced, wave‐influenced and current‐influenced settings, but ancient examples are virtually unknown. The data presented help to fully comprehend the criteria for the recognition of other ancient delta‐scale subaqueous clinoforms, as well as refining the depositional model of the reservoir in the super‐giant Troll hydrocarbon field. Two 10 to 60 m thick, overall coarsening‐upward packages are distinguished in the lower Sognefjord Formation. Progressively higher energy, wave‐dominated or current‐dominated facies occur from the base to the top of each package. Each package corresponds to a set of seismically resolved, westerly dipping clinoforms, the bounding surfaces of which form the seismic ‘envelope’ of a clinoform set and the major marine flooding surfaces recognized in cores. The packages thicken westwards, until they reach a maximum where the clinoform ‘envelope’ rolls over to define a topset–foreset–toeset geometry. All clinoforms are consistently oriented sub‐parallel to the edge of the Horda Platform (N005–N030). In the eastern half of the field, individual foresets are relatively gently dipping (1° to 6°) and bound thin (10 to 30 m) clinothems. Core data indicate that these proximal clinothems are dominated by fine‐grained, hummocky cross‐stratified sandstones. Towards the west, clinoforms gradually become steeper (5° to 14°) and bound thicker (15 to 60 m) clinothems that comprise medium‐grained, cross‐bedded sandstones. Topsets are consistently well‐developed, except in the westernmost area. No seismic or sedimentological evidence of subaerial exposure is observed. Deposition created fully subaqueous, near‐linear clinoforms that prograded westwards across the Horda Platform. Subaqueous clinoforms were probably fed by a river outlet in the north‐east and sculpted by the action of currents sub‐parallel to the clinoform strike.     

新疆克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组辫状河储层砂体类型及分布特征

通过露头实测、岩心观察及测录井资料分析等结果表明,克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组S7、S5和S4砂层组沉积时期以发育辫状河为特征,可进一步划分为近源砾质辫状河、远源砾质辫状河和砂质辫状河沉积3种类型。上述3种类型的辫状河沉积在沉积特征、河道空间叠置样式及组合关系等方面存在明显的差异。近源砾质辫状河河道岩性以砾岩为主,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度2~4.5m,宽度500~800m,表现为河道-河道直接接触的连片组合方式;远源砾质辫状河河道岩性仍以砾岩为主,含少量砂岩,物性较近源砾质辫状河略好,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度为1.5~4m,河道砂体宽度400~750m,表现为河道-溢岸-河道的连片组合方式;砂质辫状河河道岩性以砂岩为主,为中孔低渗储层,物性优于砾质辫状河。单层厚度为0.5~2.5m,宽度为300~700m,但河道沉积分布范围有限,河道之间多为带状或交织带状组合方式。根据上述对比分析认为砾质辫状河河道砂体虽然物性相对较差、非均质性较强,但砂体厚度大、分布广泛、连通性好,目前为全区主要油气开发的目的层;砂质辫状河河道砂体尽管物性较好,但由于厚度较薄,分布局限,仅在东部地区其累计厚度较大,当与其它成藏条件匹配时,可形成具有开发潜力的目的层。     

深部细粒碎屑岩储层成岩作用研究——以苏北盆地张家垛油田阜三段为例

毗邻烃源岩的细粒储层,由于其岩石结构、组分及沉积环境的特殊性,成岩作用表现出一定差异。本文以张家垛油田阜三段细粒碎屑岩储层为例,通过铸体薄片、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等相关分析,研究其成岩作用的特殊性。研究结果表明:(1)细粒储层的成分成熟度和结构成熟度较高,常被泥岩包裹,在压实作用中若存在欠压实,粒间孔可以被很好地保留下来;(2)细粒储层形成时水动力较弱,杂基含量高导致微孔较多;(3)大量的粘土矿物使孔隙比表面增加,抑制了后期硅质和碳酸盐胶结物的析出;(4)比表面的增加减缓了孔隙流体的对流速率和扩散速率,不利于次生孔隙的形成,粒度越细,次生孔隙越不发育。细粒碎屑岩储层有别于常规储层,对其特殊的成岩作用进行研究具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。     

A Method for Determining Sedimentary Micro-Facies Belts Automatically

It is important to understand the distribution of sedimentary facies, especially the distribution of sand body that is the key for oil production and exploration. The secondary oil recovery requires analyzing a great deal of data accumulated within decades of oil field development. At many cases sedimentary micro-facies maps need to be reconstructed and redrawn frequently, which is time-consuming and heavy. This paper presents an integrated approach for determining the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies, tracing the micro-facies boundary, and drawing the map of sedimentary micro-facies belts automatically by computer technique. The approach is based on the division and correlation of strata of multiple wells as well as analysis of sedimentary facies. The approach includes transform, gridding, interpolation, superposing, searching boundary and drawing the map of sedimentary facies belts, and employs the spatial interpolation method and "worm" interpolation method to determine the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies including sand ribbon and/or sand blanket. The computer software developed on the basis of the above principle provides a tool for quick visualization and understanding the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies and reservoir. Satisfied results have been achieveed by applying the technique to the Putaohua Oil Field in Songliao Basin, China.