关于拓宽气象工作和服务领域的实践与思考

对江西省气象部门近几年拓宽工作和服务领域的实践进行了回顾,提出了拓宽领域应遵循的原则,并对今后江西省气象部门在拓宽工作和服务领域方面进行了思考。     

Potential field modelling of the Baltica–Avalonia (Thor–Tornquist) suture beneath the southern North Sea

Magnetic anomaly maps of the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) highlight the contrast between the highly magnetic crust of Baltica and the less magnetic terranes to the SW of the suture. Although the TESZ is imaged on gravity maps, anomalies related to postcollisional rifting and reactivated rift structures tend to dominate.

Seismic and potential field data have been used to construct 2 -D crustal models along three profiles crossing the Baltica–Avalonia suture in the southern North Sea (SNS). The first of these models lies along a transect assembled from reflection line GECO SNST 83-07 and refraction profile EUGENO-S 2; the other two models are coincident with MONA LISA profiles 1 and 2. Additional structural information and density information for the cover sequence is available from released wells, while magnetic susceptibility values are compatible with values measured from borehole core samples.

Magnetic anomalies related to the suture are interpreted as due to magnetic Baltican basement of the Ringkøbing-Fyn High dipping SW beneath nonmagnetic Avalonian basement underlying the western part of the SNS. Low-amplitude, long-wavelength magnetic anomalies occurring outboard of the suture are interpreted as due to a mid-crustal magnetic body, possibly a buried magmatic complex. This might represent the ‘missing’ arc related to inferred southward subduction of the Tornquist Sea, or an exotic element emplaced during the collision between Avalonia and Baltica. The present model supports an imbricated structure within Baltica as indicated by the latest reprocessing of the MONA LISA seismic data.     

Reconstruction of the diagenesis of the fluvial-lacustrinedeltaic sandstones and its influence on the reservoir quality evolution

The reservoir quality of Jurassic and Triassic fluvial and lacustrine-deltaic sandstones of the Yanchang Oil Field in the Ordos Basin is strongly influenced by the burial history and facies-related diagenetic events. The fluvial sandstones have a higher average porosity (14.8%) and a higher permeability (12.7 × 10⁻³ μm²) than those of the deltaic sandstones (9.8% and 5.8 ×10⁻³) μm², respectively). The burial compaction, which resulted in 15% and 20% porosity loss for Jurassic and Triassic sandstones, respectively, is the main factor causing the loss of porosity both for the Jurassic and Triassic sandstones. Among the cements, carbonate is the main one that reduced the reservoir quality of the sandstones. The organic acidic fluid derived from organic matter in the source rocks, the inorganic fluid from rock-water reaction during the late diagenesis, and meteoric waters during the epidiagenesis resulted in the formation of dissolution porosity, which is the main reason for the enhancement of reservoir-quality.     

利用深反射地震数据构建的多阶面波频散曲线反演近地表横波速度结构——以跨班公湖—怒江缝合带深反射地震资料为例

深反射地震剖面法为了获取深部结构特征常常采取大的偏移距采集数据.目前公开发表的相关资料中,鲜有利用深反射地震炮集数据获取近地表的结构特征.为此,本文通过正演测试了相关数据处理流程,即利用有限差分正演了起伏地表模型的大偏移距地震单炮弹性波场特征,通过共检波点域面波信号F-K频谱叠加构建新方法,从深反射地震数据集中提取了高品质的多阶面波频散曲线,再利用多阶面波联合反演获得了近地表的结构特征.在前述正演流程基础上,利用跨越班公湖—怒江缝合带的SinoProbe深反射地震剖面中的实际炮集数据,求取了基阶和一阶瑞利波频散曲线,联合反演后得到近地表横波速度结构.该结果与初至波走时反演获取的纵波速度结构具有较好的一致性,且在近地表的浅层分辨率较纵波速度结构特征更高,而更与已有地质认识相吻合.本文提供的相关数据处理流程表明利用深反射地震炮集数据,也能够获取近地表浅层的横波速度结构.     

华池油田华152区长3油层组砂岩的成岩作用与孔隙演化

华池油田华152区长3油层组储层以粉细粒长石砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩为主,发育多种孔隙类型,主要有粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、剩余粒间孔、晶间微孔隙和构造缝,其中粒间溶孔是长3油层组储层的主要孔隙类型。主要成岩矿物为伊利石、绿泥石、伊／蒙混层、高岭石、方解石、白云石、石英等。根据成岩作用的矿物岩石学标志,将研究区成岩阶段界定为中成岩A期。压实和胶结作用破坏了砂岩的原生孔隙结构,而溶蚀作用形成次生孔隙,有效地改善了砂岩的孔隙结构。     

Sediment balances in the Blue Nile River Basin

Rapid population growth in the upper Blue Nile basin has led to fast land-use changes from natural forest to agricultural land.This resulted in speeding up the soil erosion process in the highlands and increasing sedimentation further downstream in reservoirs and irrigation canals.At present,several dams are planned across the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is currently under construction near the border with Sudan.This will be the largest hydroelectric power plant in Africa.The objective of this paper is to quantify the river flows and sediment loads along the Blue Nile River network.The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to estimate the water flows from un-gauged sub-basins.To assess model performance,the estimated sediment loads were compared to the measured ones at selected locations.For the gauged sub-basins,water flows and sediment loads were derived from the available flow and sediment data.To fill in knowledge gaps,this study included a field survey in which new data on suspended solids and flow discharge were collected along the Blue Nile and on a number of tributaries.The comparison between the results of this study and previous estimates of the sediment load of the Blue Nile River at El Deim,near the Ethiopian Sudanese border,show that the sediment budgets have the right order of magnitude,although some uncertainties remain.This gives confidence in the results of this study providing the first sediment balance of the entire Blue Nile catchment at the sub-basin scale.     

Field measurements of settling velocities of fine sediments in Three Gorges Reservoir using ADV

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is suffering from unexpected fine sediment deposition, to better understand the fine sediment transport processes, field measurements were conducted at the Zhongxian and Fengjie reaches. A method based on the sediment diffusion equation was proposed to measure the settling velocities using the Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The backscatter acoustic intensities (BSI) received from the ADV were calibrated against the sediment concentrations measured via water sampling, suggesting a linear relationship in double logarithmic coordinate system. The instantaneous sediment concentration was calculated using the derived relationship, and then the settling velocity was obtained through the proposed procedure. The settling velocities of the fine particles in the TGR were found to vary with the water depth. Most of the effective settling velocities were within the range of 0.1–10 mm/s, which were larger than those of the primary particles, indicating that the flocculation was likely to occur in the TGR. Additionally, it is suggested that the turbulent motion played an important role in the flocculation in the TGR.     

地震宏观震害调查的几点建议

地震宏观震害现场调查是研究地震影响场的主要手段。然而,如何进行并做好这一工作,对于一些研究人员,尤其是未曾经历过震害现场调查的青年研究者来说,是十分棘手的问题。本文旨在根据以往的地震震害现场调查经验,以及2008年5月12日汶川地震震害现场调查所得到的启示,提出几点可供地震震害现场调查参考的建议。     

电子探针分析技术进展及面临的挑战

电子探针是研究地球与行星物质组成最基础的微束分析技术。近年来,固体地球科学和行星科学的不断发展,促使电子探针分析技术取得了一系列进展:矿物微量元素分析、稀土矿物测试方法完善、副矿物定年、富Fe矿物/熔体Fe~(3+)含量测定、场发射电子探针及软X射线分析谱仪的开发及应用等。同时,电子探针分析技术也面临着诸多挑战:微量元素测试在降低检测限的同时,还需要提高分析的准确度和精确度;降低二次荧光效应的影响;场发射电子探针在低电压下需要建立全新的分析条件和校正方式。基于这些挑战,电子探针未来在微量元素监测标样开发、二次荧光效应校正、场发射电子探针及软X射线分析谱仪应用、波谱仪完善和微区多种分析技术集成等方面具有发展潜力,以便为地学样品的研究提供更丰富、更准确的微米尺度成分信息。     

定测录导一体化技术在涪陵页岩气田的应用

为满足涪陵二期复杂构造条件下钻井的提速增效,引入了旋转导向工具,应用定测录导一体化工作模式,通过旋转导向工具选型、地层特性与钻头匹配性、优化轨迹控制方法、完善现有信息平台和导向软件,形成了定测录导一体化技术。经过涪陵页岩气田8口井的现场应用试验,储层钻遇率明显提高,轨迹控制圆滑,钻井提速明显,达到了“跨界组合、创新发展”的目的,具有较强的推广性和适用性。