A petroleum discovery-rate forecast revisited—The problem of field growth

A forecast of the future rates of discovery of crude oil and natural gas for the 123,027-km² Miocene/Pliocene trend in the Gulf of Mexico was made in 1980. This forecast was evaluated in 1988 by comparing two sets of data: (1) the actual versus the forecasted number of fields discovered, and (2) the actual versus the forecasted volumes of crude oil and natural gas discovered with the drilling of 1,820 wildcat wells along the trend between January 1, 1977, and December 31, 1985. The forecast specified that this level of drilling would result in the discovery of 217 fields containing 1.78 billion barrels of oil equivalent; however, 238 fields containing 3.57 billion barrels of oil equivalent were actually discovered. This underestimation is attributed to biases introduced by field growth and, to a lesser degree, the artificially low, pre-1970's price of natural gas that prevented many smaller gas fields from being brought into production at the time of their discovery; most of these fields contained less than 50 billion cubic feet of producible natural gas.     

On the gravitational fields of Pandora and Prometheus

Utilizing topographic models of Saturn's F-ring shepherd satellites Prometheus (S16 1980S27) and Pandora (S15 1980S26), derived by Stooke (1994), and supposing that their mass density is constant, we derived basic geometrical and dynamical characteristics of the moons. They include the volume and mass, the mean radii, the tensor of inertia, and Stokes coefficients of the harmonic expansions of external gravitational potential. The best fitting ellipsoid approximations of the topography were calculated. A simple method of determining the gravitational potential on the surface of an irregular satellite is presented. Examples of equipotential surfaces of the satellites are shown     

主频计算法对测井曲线沉积旋回的精细分析

用主频计算法对长庆气田主力储层中下奥陶统马家沟组马五1段碳酸盐岩的自然伽玛测井曲线进行了分析，得出其主要沉积旋回周期为100、57、36和26ka，基本与米兰科维奇旋回的地球自转偏心率和地轴倾角变化周期相一致，因崦，可以认为储层的沉积旋回是地球自转偏心率和地轴倾角变化引起气候周期性变化形成的，其中又以偏心率影响最大，表明主频计算法用于测井曲线进行分辩率较高的沉积旋回分析是可行的。     

Evaluating the robustness of models developed from field spectral data in predicting African grass foliar nitrogen concentration using WorldView-2 image as an independent test dataset

In this paper, we evaluate the extent to which the resampled field spectra compare with the actual image spectra of the new generation multispectral WorldView-2 (WV-2) satellite. This was achieved by developing models from resampled field spectra data and testing them on an actual WV-2 image of the study area. We evaluated the performance of reflectance ratios (RI), normalized difference indices (NDI) and random forest (RF) regression model in predicting foliar nitrogen concentration in a grassland environment. The field measured spectra were used to calibrate the RF model using a randomly selected training (n = 70%) nitrogen data set. The model developed from the field spectra resampled to WV-2 wavebands was validated on an independent field spectral test dataset as well as on the actual WV-2 image of the same area (n = 30%, bootstrapped a 100 times). The results show that the model developed using RI could predict nitrogen with a mean R² of 0.74 and 0.65 on an independent field spectral test data set and on the actual WV-2 image, respectively. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSE %) was 0.17 and 0.22 for the field test data set and the WV-2 image, respectively. Results provide an insight on the magnitude of errors that are expected when up-scaling field spectral models to airborne or satellite image data. The prediction also indicates the unceasing relevance of field spectroscopy studies to better understand the spectral models critical for vegetation quality assessment.     

靖边气田马五1-4亚段沉积微相和成岩作用研究

鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田马五1~4亚段属于陆表海蒸发碳酸盐潮坪相。潮上带（含）石膏结核白云岩和潮间带上部的含石膏晶模白云岩最有利于形成储层。马五1－4亚段碳酸盐岩经历了复杂的成岩作用,准同生期白云石化和膏化作用奠定了储层的物质基础;表生岩溶期选择性溶解作用构筑了储层的轮廓;埋藏期溶解作用和各种矿物充填作用,决定早期溶孔能否保存和储层最终状况。引入“负胶结物孔隙度”概念,更直观地反映了沉积作用对马五1－4亚段储层发育的控制作用。将沉积微相和成岩相研究有机地结合在一起,以简约的方式,用一套数字组合符号半定量地表达沉积微相和成岩相,在开发区块储层评价和预测上获得了良好效果。     

琼东南盆地崖13-1气田陵三段沉积微相对储层非均质性及流动单元划分的影响

崖13-1气田陵三段是河控与潮控的辫状三角洲,主要储层沉积微相为分流河道、水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝及席状砂,其中河口坝的储层物性比分流河道和水下分流河道微相好,席状砂与远砂坝的物性相对较差,而各类正韵律河道与反韵律的砂坝决定了各垂向流动单元储层韵律特征。气田内的隔夹层与不同规模的海泛面相关,隔层以前三角洲泥为主,分布稳定,而夹层以分流间湾与水下分流间湾泥为主,分布较局限。结合沉积微相分布、储层非均质性及断层的分布,可以把气田区分为两个大区及6个流动单元,而南II、南III区仍可有较好的储层,但由于构造上处于低部位,含气前景还需进一步论证。     

东辛油田沙三中亚段沉积特征与油藏分布规律

东辛油田沙三中亚段发育大量与三角洲前缘滑塌相伴生的坡移浊积扇、滑塌浊积扇、远源浊积岩以及洪水成因的水下碎屑流,发育岩性油藏及岩性-构造油藏。纵向上,湖退体系域早期准层序组PS7～PS5是最主要的油气富集层位,其次为湖侵体系域PS8;平面上,各准层序组西部油气富集程度好于东部,含油储层主要为滑塌浊积扇及部分远源浊积岩,其次为坡移浊积扇。油气分布主要受宏观沉积相带、构造、微观储集物性和成岩作用等多种因素控制,距油源远近控制油藏纵向有利层位,砂体成因类型控制着平面有利区带。     

马尔柯夫场在影像纹理模拟中的应用

本文介绍了马尔柯夫随机场（简称ＭＲＦ）模拟影像纹理的原理和算法，用本文提出的算法，作了模拟分形纹理的许多实验：模拟纹理的自相似性试验；ＭＲＦ模型参数对影像纹理的控制作用等试验。试验结果表明算法正确，ＭＲＦ是模拟影像纹理的一个好模型。     

Field measurements of snow-drift threshold and mass fluxes,and related model simulations

Field measurements were carried out to calculate the threshold friction velocity for snow saltation, and mass fluxes during snow drift. The wind was measured in three components by an ultrasonic anemometer, and the mass fluxes were determined using an optical sensor (snow particle counter), acoustic sensors (Flowcapt) and mechanical traps. The threshold friction velocity was found to be correlated to the grain size (R²=0.75). The mass flux measurements were compared with numerical simulations of snow drift, and it was demonstrated that the maximum snow transport takes place at shear stress values of roughly two times the average shear stress over 20 min. By implementing a probability distribution for the shear stress the mass flux was simulated with only the mean measured value of the shear stress as input. This procedure enables the future use of the numerical model for operational applications.     

Load testing of anchors for wire mesh and cable net rockfall slope protection systems

This study presents results of field tests conducted on anchors used to support wire mesh and cable net rockfall protection systems. The load transfer and failure characteristics of these anchors are different from those used in most civil applications in that loads are often applied transversely to the top of tendon rather than axially. The study included vertical as well as horizontal series of tests conducted on some anchors widely used in wire mesh and cable net rockfall protect systems. It was found that the deformation characteristics of these anchors under vertical loading are nonlinear. They are approximated by a hyperbolic formulation and used to calculate the ultimate capacity. Top-downward progressive cracking of the grout was observed during loading and influences the deformation characteristics of these anchors under horizontal loading. The anchors deflected excessively before they could attain their ultimate capacity in the horizontal direction. Based on the field tests, it appears that the deformation under horizontal loading in the systems can be limited by using an enlarged grout zone at the top.