The Bekten Fault: the palaeoseismic behaviour and kinematic characteristics of an intervening segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone,Southern Marmara Region,Turkey

The Bekten Fault is 20-km long N55°E trending and oblique-slip fault in the dextral strike-slip fault zone. The fault is extending sub-parallel between Yenice-Gönen and Sar?köy faults, which forms the southern branch of North Anatolian Fault Zone in Southern Marmara Region. Tectonomorphological structures indicative of the recent fault displacements such as elongated ridges and offset creeks observed along the fault. In this study, we investigated palaeoseismic activities of the Bekten Fault by trenching surveys, which were carried out over a topographic saddle. The trench exposed the fault and the trench stratigraphy revealed repeated earthquake surface rupture events which resulted in displacements of late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits. According to radiocarbon ages obtained from samples taken from the event horizons in the stratigraphy, it was determined that at least three earthquakes resulting in surface rupture generated from the Bekten Fault within last ~1300 years. Based on the palaeoseismological data, the Bekten Fault displays non-characteristic earthquake behaviour and has not produced any earthquake associated with surface rupture for about the last 400 years. Additionally, the data will provide information for the role of small fault segments play except for the major structures in strike-slip fault systems.     

塔里木盆地中央地区的断裂系统:几何学、运动学和动力学背景

塔中低凸起位于塔里木盆地中央隆起的中段,发育4组不同方向的断裂,以北西向的塔中Ⅰ号断裂带为主干断裂,其南的近北西向断裂和近东西向断裂与之组成"入"字形构造,向西撒开;剖面上则因塔中Ⅰ号断裂带活动强度自东向西减弱而出现不同的断裂组合样式。基于地层记录和区域演化分析了该区断裂系统的活动时期和活动方式,两次重大的挤压—剪切事件分别发生在奥陶纪末和晚志留-中泥盆世,因而塔里木盆地中央隆起可能是晋宁期山体在后期重新活动形成的加里东期陆内造山带。北西向断裂是二叠纪岩浆侵入或玄武岩喷溢的通道,之后全区断裂基本处于平静状态。结合塔里木周边造山带的演化,认为古生代—三叠纪时塔中地区的盆地发育主要受西昆仑造山带演化制约,同时叠加有古阿尔金剪切造山带的影响,这是为塔中地区特殊的构造位置决定的。侏罗纪—新近纪,该地的盆地主要与阿尔金断裂的剪切造山作用耦合发育,仅早白垩世时与塔北—库车地区同属南天山的"盆""山"系统。断裂的运动学特征取决于其动力学背景,实际上受制于邻侧的造山带发育。断裂系统的发育是塔中地区能形成复式油气田的关键条件之一,本文的研究对推进复式油气成藏的机理研究、明确近期的重点勘探靶区等有积极意义。     

营口—潍坊断裂带对辽东湾坳陷东部凸起的形成及构造分段的控制作用——来自物理模拟实验和断层几何学特征的证据

辽东湾坳陷是渤海湾盆地的重要组成部分,其发育受营口—潍坊断裂带控制。其东支的两条分支断层大体沿其次级构造单元辽东湾东部凸起的两侧延伸。本文应用大量地震测线的构造几何学特征分析,结合构造物理模拟试验,认为辽东湾坳陷东部凸起是在先期存在的低凸起的基础上,在渐新世东营组沉积期因营口—潍坊断裂带的右行走滑形成的。以Lz205测线和Lz185测线之间为界可分为类似的两段,各自经历了一个自南而北的右旋走滑伸展—剪切走滑—右旋走滑挤压的变化过程。这种变化由北东向的基底断裂与由之派生的新生代内的北北东内断裂间的关系造成,在两者的交汇点(如Lz151)或走向发生转折处(如Lz255)右旋走滑作用发生变换,其南侧拉张下沉,正断层发育,表现为右旋走滑伸展,北侧则挤压隆升,表现为右旋走滑挤压。南、北两侧相反的力学性质是走滑活动派生的局部差异应力场造成的。构造物理模拟试验证实了右旋走滑伸展—剪切走滑—右旋走滑挤压的变化过程。     

Geochemistry of post-collisional mafic lavas from the North Anatolian Fault zone, Northwestern Turkey

Extensive magmatic activity developed at the northwestern part of the Anatolian block and produced basaltic lavas that are situated along and between the two segments of the North Anatolian Fault zone. This region is a composite tectonic unit formed by collision of continental fragments after consumption of Neotethyan ocean floor during the late Cretaceous. Northwestern Anatolian basalts and evolved lavas exhibit both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline characteristics. Mafic lavas are moderately enriched in LILE (except depleted part of Yuvacık and İznik samples) and depleted in HFSE (but not Zr, Hf) relative to primitive mantle values, suggesting derivation from a MORB-like mantle source that is unexpected in this subduction environment. Sr and Nd isotopes are close to the mantle array and vary beyond analytical error (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr 0.70404–0.70546, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd 0.51270–0.51289). These geochemical features may result from two possible processes: (1) melting of a MORB-like mantle source that was modified by subduction-released fluids and melts or (2) modification of mafic liquids derived from a dominantly MORB-like source by crustal or lithospheric mantle material. Geochemical characteristics of the lavas (e.g., Ba/Rb, Rb/Sr, Ba/Zr, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, Sr/P) vary systematically along the fault zone from east to west, consistent with a decrease in the degree of melting from east to west or a change in the nature of the source composition itself. Thus, the difference in incompatible elements and Sr–Nd isotopic ratios seems to result from small-scale mantle heterogeneity in a post-collisional tectonic environment.     

大理宝兴厂斑岩铜钼金矿成矿构造分析

三条大断裂形成三角形构造变形区,成为贯通岩石圈底部的通道。浅成斑岩多期入侵,以及内外接触带的破裂化和压扭破裂带的存在,为成矿创造有利条件。     

藏东滇西澜沧江断裂带地质属性讨论

研究断裂带控制的火山-沉积建造及古生物区系、陆缘岛弧碰撞-造山型花岗岩带、俯冲火山弧根带阿拉斯加型镁铁-超镁铁环状杂岩和造山期或造山期后山前逆冲推覆构造等特征后认为澜沧江断裂带不是冈瓦纳板块与扬子板块的结合带,而是他念他翁山山前与昌都-兰坪-思茅（弧后）前陆盆地之边界断裂。     

山东兖州煤田杨庄井田断层构造特征及其对生产的影响

兖州煤田为鲁西南地区的主要煤田之一,属华北大型聚煤盆地的一部分。杨庄井田位于兖州煤田的西北翼,总体呈倾斜的单斜构造,井田内构造以断层为主,近SN向,NE—NEE向和NW-NWW向3组断层互相切割,致使煤层错动,影响工作面和巷道的布置,局部煤炭资源甚至无法开采。故应采取探采结合的方式,查明断层的分布规律和延展方向,以充分合理地开发煤炭资源。     

The Baza Fault: a major active extensional fault in the central Betic Cordillera (south Spain)

In the Guadix-Baza Basin (Betic Cordillera) lies the Baza Fault, a structure that will be described for the first time in this paper. Eight gravity profiles and a seismic reflection profile, coupled with surface studies, indicate the existence of a NE-dipping normal fault with a variable strike with N-S and NW-SE segments. This 37-km long fault divides the basin into two sectors: Guadix to the West and Baza to the East. Since the Late Miocene, the activity of this fault has created a half-graben in its hanging wall. The seismic reflection profile shows that the fill of this 2,000–3,000 m thick asymmetric basin is syntectonic. The fault has associated seismicity, the most important of which is the 1531 Baza earthquake. Since the Late Tortonian to the present, i.e. over approximately the last 8 million years, extension rates obtained vary between 0.12 and 0.33 mm/year for the Baza Fault, being one of the major active normal faults to accommodate the current ENE–WSW extension produced in the central Betic Cordillera. The existence of this fault and other normal faults in the central Betic Cordillera enhanced the extension in the upper crust from the Late Miocene to the present in this regional compressive setting.     

Exploring the seismic expression of fault zones in 3D seismic volumes

Mapping and understanding distributed deformation is a major challenge for the structural interpretation of seismic data. However, volumes of seismic signal disturbance with low signal/noise ratio are systematically observed within 3D seismic datasets around fault systems. These seismic disturbance zones (SDZ) are commonly characterized by complex perturbations of the signal and occur at the sub-seismic (10 s m) to seismic scale (100 s m). They may store important information on deformation distributed around those larger scale structures that may be readily interpreted in conventional amplitude displays of seismic data. We introduce a method to detect fault-related disturbance zones and to discriminate between this and other noise sources such as those associated with the seismic acquisition (footprint noise). Two case studies from the Taranaki basin and deep-water Niger delta are presented. These resolve SDZs using tensor and semblance attributes along with conventional seismic mapping. The tensor attribute is more efficient in tracking volumes containing structural displacements while structurally-oriented semblance coherency is commonly disturbed by small waveform variations around the fault throw. We propose a workflow to map and cross-plot seismic waveform signal properties extracted from the seismic disturbance zone as a tool to investigate the seismic signature and explore seismic facies of a SDZ.     

The role of bedding in the evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones

To investigate the role of bedding in the evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones, detailed microscopic, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses were conducted on bedding-oblique and bedding-parallel faults that cut a folded Neogene siliceous mudstone that contains opal-CT, smectite, and illite. An analysis of asymmetric structures in the fault gouges indicates that the secondary fractures associated with each fault exhibit contrasting characteristics: those of the bedding-oblique fault are R₁ shears, whereas those of the bedding-parallel fault are reactivated S foliation. The bedding-oblique fault shows the pervasive development of S foliation, lacks opal-CT, and has low SiO₂/TiO₂ ratios only in gouge, whereas the bedding-parallel fault exhibits these characteristics in both gouge and wall rocks. The development of S foliation and the lack of silica can result from local ductile deformation involving the sliding of phyllosilicates, coupled with pressure solution of opal-CT. Although such deformation can occur in gouge, the above results indicate that it may occur preferentially along bedding planes, preceding the formation of a gouge/slip surface. Thus, in sedimentary rocks that contain phyllosilicates and soluble minerals, bedding can influence the rheological evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones.