近百年海螺沟冰川退缩区域土壤CO2排放规律

贡嘎山东坡海螺沟冰川退缩地植被原生演替系列的样地调查基础上,用光合作用测定仪(美国产CI-301PS)的闭路方法测定土壤呼吸,并测定相关的生态因子。对植被原生演替过程中草本群落,川滇柳,冬瓜杨小树林,冬瓜杨中龄林,冬瓜杨成熟林,针阔混交林,云冷杉中龄林和云冷杉成熟林7个阶段的土壤呼吸速率进行连续3a的测定,它们的土壤CO2排放通量分别是51 67、39 70、56 45、58 89、85 22、120 26和158 65kgCO2/hm2·d-1。建立了7个阶段的土壤呼吸速率与温度的相关关系,认为未来大气温度升高将对同一气候区内的草地土壤呼吸影响最大,对演替过程中的落叶阔叶林土壤呼吸影响次之,对云冷杉林土壤呼吸影响最小。样地的形成年龄、生物量和净初级生产力这些与演替进程植物群落新陈代谢水平呈正相关的因素,才是决定样地土壤呼吸速率的主要因素,也是各样地之间土壤呼吸速率存在差异的主要原因。并将植被原生演替序列土壤CO2排放通量与国内外测定不同类型土壤呼吸速率的结果进行比较,认为Raich等人对温带针叶林土壤排放CO2通量的估测值偏低,对全球不同生态系统类型土壤排放CO2通量的差异估测不足。     

长江口崇明东滩潮间带甲烷(CH4)排放及其季节变化

2004年5月至2005年4月在长江口崇明东滩湿地采用原位静态箱法对甲烷(CH₄)排放通量进行了现场测定。结果表明,崇明东滩潮间带(CM)是大气CH₄的排放源,且CH₄排放具有明显的季节变化规律,中潮滩(CM-2)7月CH₄排放最多,其通量为9.27 mg/(m²·h),在次年4月排放最少,只有0.03 mg/(m²·h)。低潮滩(CM-3)在春季5月CH₄排放最多,通量为0.09 mg/(m²·h);冬季2月CH₄通量值最低,只有0.002 mg/(m²·h),中、低潮滩CH₄年平均排放通量分别为2.06 mg/(m²·h)和0.04 mg/(m²·h)。     

2010年广州亚运限行减排对大气环境的影响

通过对亚运会、亚残运会期间限行减排各个阶段的广州和相邻城市监测到的污染物浓度以及同期的天气背景进行分析,探讨污染源、城市的地理位置、天气条件和限行减排对亚/亚残运会期间广州大气环境的影响,结果表明:由于人为限行减排、城市的地理位置和气象扩散条件等各种因素综合作用,使得亚运会期间广州统计平均的能见度基本大于10 km;机动车的限行减排对PM10的削减作用不如PM2.5和PM1明显;限行减排对广州O3浓度控制"不敏感",但是会导致浓度峰值时间相对广东东莞出现1小时左右时间"滞后";珠江三角洲(简称珠三角)的大气环境问题呈现区域性,而且污染程度不容乐观,将来对该区域的大气环境治理需要进行长期持续的联防联控。     

A Comparison of the Physical and Optical Properties of Anthropogenic Air Pollutants and Mineral Dust over Northwest China

Emissions of mineral dust and its mixing with anthropogenic air pollutants affect both regional and global climates. Our fieldwork in late spring 2007(April 25–June 15) measured the physical and optical properties of dust storms mixed with local air pollutants at a rural site about 48 km southeast of central Lanzhou. Levels of air pollutants and aerosol optical properties were observed during the experiment, with concentrations of NOx(6.8 ± 3.3 ppb, average ± standard deviation), CO(694 ± 486 ppb), SO2(6.2 ±10 ppb), O3(50.7 ± 13.1 ppb), and PM10(172 ± 180 μg m-3), and aerosol scattering coefficient(164 ±89 Mm-1; 1 Mm = 106m) and absorption coefficient(11.7 ± 6.6 Mm-1), all much lower than the values observed during air pollution episodes in urban areas. During a major dust storm, the mass concentration of PM10 reached 4072 μg m-3, approximately 21-fold higher than in non-dust storm periods. The mixing ratios of trace gases declined noticeably after a cold front passed through. The observed CO/SO2 and CO/NOx ratios during air pollution episodes were 4.2–18.3 and 13.7–80.5, respectively, compared with the corresponding ratios of 38.1–255.7 and 18.0–245.9 during non-pollution periods. Our investigations suggest that dust storms have a significant influence on air quality in areas far from their source, and this large-scale transport of dust and air pollutants produces major uncertainties in the quantification of the global effects of emissions over Northwest China.     

Quick measurement of CH<Subscript>4</Subscript>, CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions from a short-plant ecosystem

Combining improved injector, gas line and valve-driving models, a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with Hydrogen Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and Electron Capture Detector (ECD), can measure CH4, CO2, and N2O simultaneously in an air sample in four minutes. Test results show that the system has high sensitivity, resolution, and precision; the linear response range of the system meets the requirement of flux measurements in situ. The system is suitable for monitoring fluxes of the main greenhouse gases in a short-plant field since it is easy to use, efficacious, and constant and reliable in collecting data.     

水平电极撒样法光谱定量分析硼

以SiO2(天然)∶C∶NaF=100∶50∶9为缓冲剂,Ge作为内标,水平电极撒样法光谱测定B.方法的测定范围为w(B)/10-6=3～200,检出限为3×10-6.方法经国家一级标准物验证,测定结果与标准值相符.     

我国萤石资源现状及展望

萤石由于其独特的物理、化学性质，主要用于钢铁、化工、建材三大行业。近年来，化工行业已成为萤石的最大用户。尤其在氟化工方面，用以制造氢氟酸及其衍生物，特别是氟碳化合物，更广泛地应用于各工业部门。不同行业对萤石的质量要求不同，有各自的标准。作为我国外贸的创汇产品，对萤石资源的进一步开发工作仍需重视，制酸级萤石在氟化工生产方面尚具发展潜力。     

Russia's 2020 GHG emissions target: Emission trends and implementation

This article provides an overview of the recent modelling results on Russia's GHG emission trends, and reviews the success of mitigation policies in order to establish whether Russia's domestic target seems feasible. Various Russian GHG emission scenarios indicate that Russia's domestic target – emissions 25% below the 1990 level by 2020 – is not far from the business-as-usual emissions trajectory. In particular, two factors could deliver the required emissions reductions: the currently declining gross domestic product (GDP) growth and ongoing domestic mitigation policies. The former is more likely to secure the target level of emissions, because GDP growth has been contracting significantly in comparison to earlier forecasts of 3–5% annual growth, and this trend is expected to continue. The latter option – success with domestic mitigation measures – seems less likely, given the various meta-barriers to policy implementation, and the marginality of mitigation policies, problems with law-making processes, bureaucratic tradition, and informality of legislative and implementation systems.

Policy relevance

This article provides an assessment of the stringency of Russia's domestically set emissions limitation target by 2020 and the chances of Russia, the fourth largest GHG emitter in the world, achieving it. We base our assessment on a number of recent key sources that analyse Russia's GHG emission paths by applying socio-economic models, which have only been available in the Russian language prior to this publication. This knowledge is applicable for use by other negotiation parties to compare Russia's efforts to mitigate climate change to their own, and thus makes a contribution to facilitating a more equal burden-sharing of climate commitments under the future climate change agreement.     

川东南綦江丁山地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气地质条件综合评价

本文综合利用钻井、测井、地震及分析化验等资料,在对川东南綦江丁山地区DY1井、DY2井上奥陶统五峰组一下志留统龙马溪组页岩气层含气性分析基础上,探讨了各地质要素对气藏富集和产量的影响。结果表明:丁山地区页岩气地质条件好,具有TOC高、热演化程度适中、储集性能好、含气性较好等特点;构造样式是控制页岩气富集的一个重要因素,正向构造是四川盆地内最有利于页岩气富集的构造类型,而位于盆缘、靠近齐岳山断裂的丁山鼻状断背斜构造,同样有利于页岩气富集,但齐岳山断裂决定了其不同构造部位的含气性;在离齐岳山断裂距离较近、埋深较浅的构造部位,裂缝更加发育,页岩横、纵向渗透性增大,页岩气更容易发生大规模逸散,最终造成页岩气层含气性差。在此基础上,综合页岩埋深、构造特征,将丁山构造划分为浅埋平缓区、西部高角度斜坡区、中部低缓区、东部高角度斜坡区、深埋平缓区5个区带;以优质页岩厚度为基础,"构造与保存条件"为关键,并结合页岩埋深,优选出丁山地区中部低缓斜坡区为最有利区带。     

碳酸盐岩地层中B元素测试方法——一种改进的ICP-AES方法简

为解决碳酸盐岩地层中B元素分析困难的问题,采用HF-HNO3-HClO4-H3PO4溶样,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定碳酸盐地层中的B元素。该方法的特点是,在溶样体系中加入适量H3PO4避免B元素的挥发损失,并对H3PO4最佳用量进行了试验。方法检出限3.8×10-6（10SD）,用国家一级标准物质进行准确度、精密度验证,精密度（RSD）小于6.44%,准确度（ΔlgC）小于0.087。该方法还可以同时测定Be、Ba、Cr、Cu、Co、Ni、Pb、Mo、V、Mn、Li、Zn、Ga 等十几种元素,也适用于土壤、岩石、水系沉积物其它样品中B等多元素同时测定。运用该方法测试了西南天山哈拉奇地区碳酸盐地层中B、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ba等元素,并对其地质意义进行了简要探讨。