Late Quaternary climatic control on erosion and weathering in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Mekong Basin

High-resolution siliciclastic grain size and bulk mineralogy combined with clay mineralogy, rubidium, strontium, and neodymium isotopes of Core MD01-2393 collected off the Mekong River estuary in the southwestern South China Sea reveals a monsoon-controlled chemical weathering and physical erosion history during the last 190,000 yr in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Mekong Basin. The ranges of isotopic composition are limited throughout sedimentary records: ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7206–0.7240 and ε_Nd(0) = −11.1 to −12.1. These values match well to those of Mekong River sediments and they are considered to reflect this source region. Smectites/(illite + chlorite) and smectites/kaolinite ratios are used as indices of chemical weathering rates, whereas the bulk kaolinite/quartz ratio is used as an index of physical erosion rates in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Mekong Basin. Furthermore, the 2.5–6.5 μm/15–55 μm siliciclastic grain size population ratio represents the intensity of sediment discharge of the Mekong River and, in turn, the East Asian summer monsoon intensity. Strengthened chemical weathering corresponds to increased sediment discharge and weakened physical erosion during interglacial periods. In contrast, weakened chemical weathering associated with reduced sediment discharge and intensified physical erosion during glacial periods. Such strong glacial–interglacial correlations between chemical weathering/erosion and sediment discharge imply the monsoon-controlled weathering and erosion.     

Diffusion-controlled spherulite growth in obsidian inferred from H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O concentration profiles

Spherulites are spherical clusters of radiating crystals that occur naturally in rhyolitic obsidian. The growth of spherulites requires diffusion and uptake of crystal forming components from the host rhyolite melt or glass, and rejection of non-crystal forming components from the crystallizing region. Water concentration profiles measured by synchrotron-source Fourier transform spectroscopy reveal that water is expelled into the surrounding matrix during spherulite growth, and that it diffuses outward ahead of the advancing crystalline front. We compare these profiles to models of water diffusion in rhyolite to estimate timescales for spherulite growth. Using a diffusion-controlled growth law, we find that spherulites can grow on the order of days to months at temperatures above the glass transition. The diffusion-controlled growth law also accounts for spherulite size distribution, spherulite growth below the glass transition, and why spherulitic glasses are not completely devitrified. An erratum to this article can be found at     

DiamondView^TM在有机充填碧玺鉴定中的应用

目前主要通过放大检查和红外光谱分析等测试方法对有机充填碧玺进行鉴定,但它们在准确性和直观性方面还存在一些问题。为弥补现有方法的不足,利用DiamondView^TM荧光成像技术对有机充填处理的碧玺样品进行研究。结果显示,在DiamondView^TM下碧玺样品呈绿色或蓝色荧光,部分样品可观察到生长结构特征。分布于碧玺裂隙及凹坑内的有机充填物呈较强的蓝白色荧光,并与碧玺的荧光具有明显的差异和界限。利用DiamondView荧光图像分析,可以快速准确地识别充填物的位置及分布,也为碧玺在充填程度等方面的研究提供了新的思路。     

Mineralogy and spectroscopy (visible near infrared and Fourier Transform Infrared) of Mukundpura CM2: Implications for asteroidal aqueous alteration

We report the textures, mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the Mukundpura matrix component, a clast-bearing, brecciated, new CM2 carbonaceous chondrite. Like other CMs, Mukundpura is matrix-enriched and has experienced different degrees of aqueous alteration with evidences of fracturing and compaction of clasts due to the impact. A few relict chondrule clasts and CAIs (diopside and spinel) survived despite of the alteration amidst accessory phases of olivine, magnetite, sulphides and calcite. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Visible Near Infrared (VNIR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies reveal higher phyllosilicate content (∼90 %) comprising of both Mg and Fe-serpentine and abundant serpentine-sulphide intergrowths. Even then, the presence of accessory olivine as relict clasts can be interpreted from the presence of certain typical olivine absorptions in the FTIR spectra. The non-stoichiometric, Tochilinite-Cronstedtite occurrences probably relate to broadening of XRD and FTIR spectra and can be explained by coupled Al–Si and Mg–Al substitutions in talc and serpentine. The FTIR spectra suggest widespread transformation of olivine to serpentine, unlike the largely unaltered chondrules. The correlations of mineralogical alteration index with FeO/SiO₂ and S/SiO₂ in different domains of matrix suggest different extent of alterations. Thus, the aqueous alteration is extensive but not pervasive. The majority of alteration seems to have occurred within the asteroidal parent body. The Mukundpura CM2 thus preserves a unique combination of relict chondrules and highly aqueous altered variegated matrix clasts, although the surface mineralogy resembles the C-type asteroids recently probed by OSIRIS-REx and Hayabusa-2 missions.     

橄榄石水溶性与含铁量相关性的实验研究

本文首次报导了含铁量不同的橄榄石单晶在不同温压条件下水溶性的试验研究结果。橄榄石单晶试件在300MPa静水压和1000℃至1300℃的温度条件下进行热压，每隔50℃进行一组试验，氧逸度被控制在Ni/NiO水平上。对热压后试件的抛光无包裹体区域做了显微红外光谱分析，红外光束平行于试件的[010]方向，最小直径为15－25μm。分析结果表明，在实验温压范围内，橄榄石中的水含量随铁含量的增加而增加。对于同样铁含量的橄榄石，则随湿度的增加，橄榄石的水含量也增加。最后，本文就实验结果对地幔动力学过程的启示进行了简单的讨论。     

Structural changes and oxidation of ferroan phlogopite with increasing temperature: in situ neutron powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

The thermal response of the natural ferroan phlogopite-1M, K₂(Mg_4.46Fe_0.83Al_{0. 34}Ti_0.22)(Si_5.51Al_{2. 49})O₂₀[OH_3.59F_0.41] from Quebec, Canada, was studied with an in situ neutron powder diffraction. The in situ temperature conditions were set up at ?263, 25, 100°C and thereafter at a 100°C intervals up to 900°C. The crystal structure was refined by the Rietveld method (R _p=2.35–2.78%, R _wp=3.01–3.52%). The orientation of the O–H vector of the sample was determined by the refinement of the diffraction pattern. With increasing temperature, the angle of the OH bond to the (001) plane decreased from 87.3 to 72.5°. At room temperature, a = 5.13 Å, b = 9.20 Å, c = 10.21 Å, β = 100.06° and V(volume) = 491.69 ų. The expansion rate of the unit cell dimensions varied discontinuously with a break at 500°C. The shape of the M-octahedron underwent some significant changes such as flattening at 500°C. At temperatures above 500°C, the octahedral thickness and mean distance was decreased, while the octahedral flattening angle increased. Those results were attributed to the Fe oxidation and dehydroxylation processes. The dehydroxylation mechanism of the ferroan phlogopite was studied by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after heated at temperatures ranging from 25 to 800°C with an electric furnace in a vacuum. In the OH stretching region, the intensity of the OH band associated with Fe²⁺(N _B-band) begun to decrease outstandingly at 500°C. The changes of the IR spectra confirmed that dehydroxylation was closely related to the oxidation in the vacuum of the ferrous iron in the M-octahedron. The decrease in the angle of the OH bond to the (001) plane, with increasing temperature, might be related to the imbalance of charge in the M-octahedra due to Fe oxidation.     

河北阳原新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩捕虏体的含水量研究

为约束华北克拉通岩石圈的流变机制,使用傅立叶变换显微红外光谱仪（FTIR）测量了阳原玄武岩中尖晶石橄榄岩捕虏体的矿物含水量。FTIR光谱结果表明阳原橄榄岩捕虏体的橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石都有特征的OH吸收峰。橄榄石含有微量的水（4×10-6~9×10-6 H2O）,斜方辉石含水量为（105~201）×10-6,单斜辉石含水量为（260~440）×10-6,计算得出的全岩含水量为（49~75）×10-6。值得注意的是,富流体交代以及后期蚀变作用使得含角闪石的方辉橄榄岩样品中单斜辉石的含水量显著增加。阳原橄榄岩中单斜辉石与斜方辉石的含水量存在明显的正相关关系,水在单斜辉石和斜方辉石中的分配系数D cpx/opxOH =2.4±0.9,与全球橄榄岩样品的平均值基本一致（D cpx/opxOH = 2.2±0.1）。与汉诺坝的橄榄岩捕虏体相比,阳原捕虏体中橄榄石和辉石的结构水含量都明显较高,这可能与阳原橄榄岩经历的上地幔交代作用有关。统计表明全球克拉通玄武岩携带的尖晶石橄榄岩捕虏体中橄榄石的含水量普遍较低（0~10×10-6）,而斜方辉石和单斜辉石的含水量则存在明显的不均一性。金伯利岩携带的石榴石橄榄岩中橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石的含水量都明显高于玄武岩携带的尖晶石橄榄岩中相应矿物的含水量,这可能与金伯利岩来源深、富流体、上升快的性质相关。     

大陆下地壳和岩石圈地幔含水性的差异——山东莒南玄武岩中深源包体的初步观察

对产于莒南晚中生代玄武岩中的镁铁质麻粒岩和橄榄岩包体矿物进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析.结果显示,麻粒岩矿物和全岩中水含量分别为:单斜辉石300×10-6～1 180×10-6,斜方辉石80×10-6～169×10-6,斜长石717×10-6～1 239×10-6,全岩525×10-6～855×10-6;橄榄岩矿物和全岩中水含量分别为:单斜辉石466×10- 6～746×10-6,斜方辉石187×10-6～304×10-6,橄榄石6×10-6～15×10-6,全岩81×10-6～245×10-6.从单矿物看,麻粒岩和橄榄岩之间水含量的差距不是很明显,但麻粒岩的全岩水含量明显高于橄榄岩,表明大陆深部岩石圈的水含量在垂向上具有不均一性.     

Vibrational Spectroscopic Study for Qualitative Assessment of Mn‐oxide Ore

Manganese oxide ore from the Bonai‐Keonjhar belt of Odisha, India, has been qualitatively assessed through Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Three categories of ore, namely, high‐grade (MnO₂: >72%), medium‐grade (MnO₂: 55‐72%) and low‐grade (MnO₂:40‐55%) from four mine profiles, Purnapani, Joda West, Khandbandh and Bamebariwere, were collected and subjected to vibrational spectroscopic studies. The use of Raman analysis in the microscopic configuration allowed the spectra to be taken at different points on the polished ore. Besides the Raman features of the ß‐MnO₂(Pyrolusite) phases, other signals were assigned to isolated FeO ions accommodated in vacancies and to some aluminium silicates. The three grades of ore show different Raman spectra. The FTIR spectra also exhibit contrasting pattern in different grade sample and support these findings. This study demonstrates the use of vibrational spectroscopy to assess the quality of Mn‐oxide ore that could provide a substitute to cumbersome wet chemical analysis     

安徽女山新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩包体矿物的含水性研究

本文对15个来自安徽女山新生代玄武岩的橄榄岩包体矿物（橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜方辉石）进行了详细的微区傅立叶变换红外光谱（Micro-FTIR）分析。结果显示,所有被测的橄榄石颗粒都没有明显的OH吸收峰,这表明橄榄石要么不舍结构水,要么结构水含量〈2ppm（H2Owt．下同）;所有的单斜辉石和斜方辉石颗粒都含有以OH形式存在的结构水。辉石矿物颗粒内部的结构水含量要么是均一的,要么表现出中心高边缘低的不均一分布。这种不均一分布的特征应该来自于包体上升过程中由于压力降低而引起的H扩散。如果用每个样品多个测定颗粒的中心部位的平均值来代表该样品的话,15个样品的单斜辉石水含量为6～356ppm,斜方辉石水含量6～139ppm。单斜辉石与斜方辉石之间水含量的比值为-2．5,和文献中报道的分配系数吻合,表明女山单斜辉石和斜方辉石之间达到了H平衡。女山的橄榄岩分成低温（〈950℃）和高温（〉1050℃）两组,所有的含角闪石的样品都在低温组。高温组的斜方辉石和单斜辉石表现出H2O含量和Al含量的正相关、和Mg含量的负相关,表明Al^3＋H^←→Si^4＋和Al^＋H^＋←→2Mg^2＋是辉石中H的主要结合机制,同时也表明这些样品有效地保存了其在源区的原始结构水含量。而低温组的辉石偏离了相关趋势,结合该组部分样品含有角闪石的特征,我们提出一个流体（本文中采用广义的概念,即包括熔体和流体）上升交代的模式来解释女山橄榄岩的特征：流体从下向上运移,与高温组（下部）橄榄岩先发生反应,由于水含量较低,既没有影响橄榄岩矿物的原始水含量,也没有能形成角闪石,在上升的过程中由于发生名义上无水矿物（橄榄石,辉石等巨晶）的结晶分离,流体中的水含量不断增加,积累到一定程度,即与低温组（上部）橄榄岩反应时。不仅影响了橄榄岩矿物的原始水含量,也在部分样品中形成了角闪石。