川西长征穹窿高分异花岗岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年、Lu-Hf同位素特征:对区域稀有金属成矿背景的限定

新近在川西松潘-甘孜造山带东南缘长征穹窿发现一处花岗伟晶岩型铷铍矿产地。为阐明与成矿花岗伟晶岩具密切成因关系的花岗岩的特征及其成矿背景,在详细野外地质调查的基础上,采集穹窿核部出露的花岗岩样品开展了镜下鉴定、元素地球化学及锆石LA-(MC)-ICP-MS U-Pb和Lu-Hf同位素测试工作。结果表明,长征穹窿核部出露的两处花岗岩岩枝分别由二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩组成,岩石高硅、富铝、高钾、富碱、低钙、低Na/K比值,为高钾钙碱性岩石系列,A/CNK值均大于1.1,为过铝质花岗岩;岩石相对富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb和放射性元素U,而亏损Ba、Sr、Ti等微量元素;岩石稀土元素总量为30.9×10~(-6)～69.0×10~(-6),LREE/HREE为4.2～8.0,轻稀土元素富集明显,δEu为0.12～0.57,具明显的负铕异常;锆石U-Pb定年结果分别为(202.2±1.3)Ma(MSWD=0.42,n=15)和(202.2±1.5)Ma(MSWD=1.18,n=9),长征穹窿核部花岗岩岩浆结晶时代为晚三叠世末期;锆石Lu-Hf同位素ε_(Hf)(t)和T_(DM2)分别为-15.42～-4.71和2.22～1.54 Ga,花岗岩可能起源于下地壳。综合分析认为,长征穹窿核部花岗岩为典型的高分异花岗岩,源于下地壳的初始岩浆在晚三叠世末期上升侵位过程中混染了较多围岩成分而形成;区域伟晶岩至少存在3期成矿作用,稀有金属矿化为多期或多次岩浆作用的产物,预测区域可能存在一期194 Ma左右的伟晶岩稀有金属成矿事件;区域与稀有金属成矿作用有关的花岗岩为多期或多次岩浆作用晚期的产物,形成于同碰撞构造向碰撞后伸展构造转换的相对稳定环境。     

2019年四川长宁MS6.0地震的地质构造成因——区域性构造节理贯通、破裂结果

根据野外地质调查结果并结合区域地质资料, 对2019年长宁MS6.0地震震区的地质背景和新构造运动特征进行分析后, 讨论了此次地震的发震构造并给出该地区孕震模型。基于区域地质与地震资料, 结合地表调查结果发现, 该区的新构造运动具有间歇性整体弱隆升、断裂晚第四纪活动不明显以及地震活动相对微弱等特征。此次强震的仪器震中位于长宁双河大背斜的西段, 该背斜经历了古老的NE向挤压应力场和顺时针旋转应力场的双重叠加构造作用。在大背斜的核部和翼部普遍发育了两组NW向节理和一组NE向节理, 并显示出区域性分布特征, 构成了具一定规模的构造破碎带(软弱带)。地震记录显示, 此次强震的地震序列呈现出明显的NW向线性条带, 震源机制解主要指示了NEE—NE向水平挤压应力作用的结果。结合地表构造特征可进一步推断, 长宁地震的震源破裂型式是以沿NW向破裂面发生以逆冲为主兼具左旋走滑分量的破裂过程为特征。综合分析认为, 2019年长宁MS6.0地震可能是双河背斜中的赋存超压环境叠加NE向古构造应力场和旋转应力场作用, 导致区域性NW向纵向节理发生构造强化、贯通, 并进一步破裂的结果。     

班韦乌卢地块中部变质表壳岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素研究及其构造意义

通过LA-MC-ICP-MS碎屑锆石微区U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析,对班韦乌卢地块中部地区基底变质表壳岩进行了同位素定年及物源示踪研究。结果显示,两件样品的碎屑锆石峰值年龄分布表现出较好的一致性,总体呈现出2490～2059 Ma、2044～1954 Ma、1942～1887 Ma、1865～1817 Ma以及1641～1522 Ma五个年龄组,分别与班韦乌卢地块内的构造岩浆事件相吻合。综合区域地质特征与碎屑锆石年龄谱特征分析认为:原岩蚀源区比较复杂,近源区古元古代花岗岩、花岗片麻岩及火山岩是主要的蚀源区。根据碎屑锆石最小年龄1522±23 Ma,推测表壳岩原岩形成时代上限可能为中元古代,而不是之前认为的形成于古元古代。碎屑锆石的ε_Hf(t)值介于-6.26～7.37之间(平均1.37),由负到正变化范围较大,表明它们除来自古老地壳的再循环物质外,还存在新生地壳的物质来源。t_DM2峰值年龄出现在2.40～2.50 Ga,说明班韦乌卢地块地壳增生事件主要发生于古元古代,可能与凯诺兰超大陆的聚合过程有关,其晚于全球大陆地壳主增长期,说明了地壳增...     

Geochemical modelling of a Zn–Pb skarn: Constraints from LA–ICP–MS analysis of fluid inclusions

The Bismark deposit (northern Chihuahua, Mexico) is one of several base metal-rich high-temperature, carbonate-replacement deposits hosted in northern Mexico. Previous fluid inclusion studies based on microthermometry and PIXE have shown that the Zn-rich, Pb-poor Bismark deposit formed from a moderate salinity magmatic fluid [Baker, T. and Lang, J.R., 2003. Reconciling fluid inclusion types, fluid processes, and fluid sources in skarns: an example from the Bismark Deposit, Mexico. Mineralium Deposita 38(4), 474–495; Baker, T., van Achterberg, E., Ryan, C.G. and Lang, J.R., 2004. Composition and evolution of ore fluids in a magmatic-hydrothermal skarn deposit. Geology 32(2), 117–120]. The exact precipitation mechanisms are unclear and may have due to cooling, salinity decrease and wall rock reaction. Furthermore, PIXE data suggested that Pb and Zn concentrations were comparable and inconsistent with the Zn-rich nature of the ore. However, Pb was commonly below the limit of detection for PIXE and the data presented by Baker et al. [Baker, T., van Achterberg, E., Ryan, C.G. and Lang, J.R., 2004. Composition and evolution of ore fluids in a magmatic-hydrothermal skarn deposit. Geology 32(2), 117–120] are regarded as the maximum concentrations of Pb in the fluid. In this study new LA ICP MS analysis was carried out on the same fluid inclusion population to compare with the PIXE data in order to constrain the uncertainty related to the Pb data and the new results are used to model possible ore deposition mechanisms. The new laser ablation data reveal overall lower concentrations of Pb in the ore fluid (average value ~ 285 ppm) than previously indicated by PIXE analysis (average value ~ 713 ppm). Chemical modelling using the new laser ablation data tested the following ore deposition processes: 1) cooling; 2) fluid–rock reaction at constant temperature; 3) cooling and simultaneous fluid–rock interaction. Modelling results show that the gangue and ore minerals observed at Bismark are best reproduced by fluid–rock interaction and simultaneous cooling. Results from the simulations strongly indicate that ore deposition was mainly driven by a pH increase due to the neutralization of the acidic ore fluid (pH = 3.9) as the result of the reaction with the limestone. Modelling results also suggest that the deposit likely formed under cooling conditions, but do not support the hypothesis of a temperature decrease as the principal ore-forming process.     

汶川地震破裂带白沙河段同震水平缩短量的估算

同震位移向量由垂直、走滑和水平缩短(或拉张)三分量构成,合理估计各分量是全面认识地震地表变形特征的基础。汶川地震后的现场调查,获得了大量的同震位移数据,但是绝大部分是垂直和走滑两个分量,水平缩短(或拉张)分量十分缺乏,这必然导致我们对汶川地震破裂特征认识的偏差。本文通过对变形的天然地貌面和人工建筑的测量和复原,获得了白沙河破裂段8个观察点水平缩短量数据。同震水平缩短量在白沙河段的分布显示出了其由南西向北东逐渐减小的趋势,它与其他研究获得的垂直和走滑同震位移的分布基本一致。此外,同震水平缩短与同震垂直位移量在该破裂段上的分布,表现为峰、谷互补,可能暗示了地震破裂面倾角沿该破裂段的变化过程： 南段为高角度,中段逐渐转变为低角度,最后在北段再次转为高角度。     

SELDI-TOF MS analysis of alkylphenol exposed Atlantic cod with phenotypic variation in gonadosomatic index

Proteomics is a new and promising approach to evaluate potential effects of pollution. In order to investigate if there is a direct link between the protein expression profiles obtained by the SELDI-TOF MS technology and effects observed at the organism level in fish, plasma samples from unexposed and 20 ppb alkylphenol exposed female Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) with high phenotypic variation in gonadosomatic index (GSI) were analyzed by SELDI-TOF MS. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that the major proteomic variation present in the dataset (i.e. 23.6%) could be significantly correlated to the individual variation in GSI, which indicates that SELDI-TOF MS data can reflect effects observed at higher levels of organization in fish. Further exploration of the other principal components revealed an additional proteomic pattern specific for the alkylphenol exposed females. Hence, this study supports the usefulness of SELDI-TOF MS as a proteomic tool in ecotoxicological research.     

2010年4月14日玉树7.1级地震前异常特征及强震动力学关系探讨

系统地分析了2010年4月14日玉树7.1级地震的地震活动性异常、前兆异常以及震前动物反常行为.研究表明,玉树7.1级地震前异常并不丰富,但觉察到的异常突出.其中中长期异常有6级、5级和4级的平静区;前兆观测有玉树表层水温、德令哈表层水温和平安电磁波等显著异常;同时震前1周还存在数量较多的动物宏观异常现象;主震前130min发生了一次4.7级地震.结合1996年以来巴颜喀拉地块边界的强震震源机制解,探讨了玉树地震孕育的动力学过程.结果表明,1996年喀喇昆仑山口7.1级、1997年玛尼7.5级和2010年玉树7.1级地震是同一动力学过程下的强震事件,且中长期存在的不同震级档平静区演化可能与上述动力学过程有关.还对强震原地复发、前震识别和玉树地震中的前兆观测等科学问题进行了讨论.     

两次乌恰Ms5.1地震前后南天山重力场动态变化特征

利用南天山流动重力网2009～2011年的测量资料,研究了乌恰两次Ms5.1地震前后重力场的时空动态演化特征.研究表明,在两次乌恰Ms5.1地震前后,重力场变化表现出“活跃—平静—活跃”特征,两次地震发生在重力场异常上升和下降变化过程中,且震中位置处于重力变化高梯度带且靠近“0”等值线附近.     

Occurrence of the Antimicrobials Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim in Hospital Effluent and Study of Their Degradation Products after Electrocoagulation

In this study, an investigation was carried out into the occurrence of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in the effluent of the university hospital (HUSM) of the UFSM. The degradation of these antimicrobials by the electrocoagulation (EC) process was also examined, in both the aqueous solution and hospital effluent, and a study was conducted in order to identify the subproducts formed. The experiments were optimized through factorial planning and, also, checked by response surface methodology. The best conditions for EC (achieving 58.0% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction) were obtained by using 13 mA cm^?2, 500 mg L^?1 of NaCl, and 30 mm of interelectrode distance. The quantification of SMX (27.8 µg L^?1) and TMP (6.65 µg L^?1) in the hospital effluent, and the identification of the degradation products were carried out through liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry quadrupole linear and ion trapping with electrospray ionization (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS_QTrap). Removals of 88.0% (degradation only) and 33.0% (adsorption only) were achieved for aqueous solutions of SMX and TMP, respectively, under optimized conditions. In hospital effluent samples, fortified with additions of SMX and TMP, corresponding removals of 16.0% (degradation) and 28.0% (adsorption) were achieved. This suggests that the EC process is efficient in degrading SMX in aqueous solution, although the same was not the case with TMP. The degradation products of SMX were identified (m/z 256.0 and 288.5); however, only the latter is mentioned in the literature. Toxicological aspects were not considered in this study.     

Distribution Study of U,V, Mo,and Zr in Different Sites of Lakes Van and Hazar,River and Seawater Samples by ICP‐MS

The aim of this study is to investigate the concentrations of U, Th, V, Mo, and Zr in natural waters taken from Turkey. Among these water species, Lake Van is the largest soda lake and the fourth largest closed basin on Earth. The water samples were collected from 51 locations between 2008 and 2009. The inductively coupled plasma‐MS was used for determinations. The obtained U and Zr concentrations are in the range of 37–110 µg L^?1 and 17–78 µg L^?1 in Lake Van and 0.53–0.81 µg L^?1 and 0.15–0.19 µg L^?1 in Lake Hazar, respectively. The concentration of uranium in other studied waters varies from the lowest 0.09 µg L^?1 in Tigris (Dicle) river to the highest 4.0 µg L^?1 in Mediterranean Sea water. Mean Mo and V concentrations in the studied water samples were found to be in ranges of 0.1–17 and 2.7–113 µg L^?1, respectively. The obtained highest U concentration in Lake Van correlates with the highest Mo and Zr levels compared to the Lake Hazar and river waters. These results imply that there is a young occurrence of uranium minerals around Lake Van. It is concluded that there is about 50.000 ton of uranium in Lake Van water.