南极考察回顾及今后极地研究展望

中国在南极建立了长城站和中山站,建成了中国极地研究所、国家极地档案馆和中国极地数据信息管理系统,拥有2万吨级的运输和科考两用的破冰船,已派出12支南极考察队,先后有5条远洋考察船11次赴南极,航行了25万海里,运送了2000多人次科学工作者和工程技术人员赴南极考察,完成了中国首次南大洋综合科学考察、“七五”和“八五”南极科考计划,开展了包括气象学、地球物理学、高空大气物理学、电波传输等常年观测以及冰川、地质、地貌、环境、测绘、地矿、生物学、人体医学、海洋学等多学科考察与研究,采集了大量宝贵的资料、标本、数据。我国科学家发表了数十部极地研究专著,填补了该研究领域的国内空白,其成果分别获得国家和部委科技进步奖、自然科学奖,有些研究成果已达到了国际先进水平。我国极地“九五”科考计划,将着重完善基础设施,围绕全球变化、环境监测和保护,争取在我国极地考察研究的一些优势项目中有所突破。     

Sedimentology,stratigraphy and architecture of the Nicobar Fan (Bengal–Nicobar Fan System), Indian Ocean: Results from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362

Drill sites in the southern Bay of Bengal at 3°N 91°E (International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362) have sampled for the first time a complete section of the Nicobar Fan and below to the oceanic crust. This generally overlooked part of the Bengal–Nicobar Fan System may provide new insights into uplift and denudation rates of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. The Nicobar Fan comprises sediment gravity-flow deposits, mostly turbidites, that alternate with hemipelagite drapes and pelagite intervals of varying thicknesses. The decimetre-thick to metre-thick oldest pre-fan sediments (limestones/chalks) dated at 69 Ma are overlain by volcanic material and slowly accumulated pelagites (0.5 g cm⁻² kyr⁻¹). At Expedition 362 Site U1480, terrigenous input began in the early Miocene at ca 22.5 Ma as muds, overlain by very thin-bedded and thin-bedded muddy turbidites at ca 19.5 Ma. From 9.5 Ma, sand content and sediment supply sharply increase (from 1–5 to 10–50 g cm⁻² kyr⁻¹). Despite the abundant normal faulting in the Nicobar Fan compared with the Bengal Fan, it offers a better-preserved and more homogeneous sedimentary record with fewer unconformities. The persistent connection between the two fans ceased at 0.28 Ma when the Nicobar Fan became inactive. The Nicobar Fan is a major sink for Himalaya-derived material. This study presents integrated results of International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362 with older Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program/International Ocean Discovery Program sites that show that the Bengal–Nicobar Fan System experienced successive large-scale avulsion processes that switched sediment supply between the Bengal Fan (middle Miocene and late Pleistocene) and the Nicobar Fan (late Miocene to early Pleistocene). A quantitative analysis of the submarine channels of the Nicobar Fan is also presented, including their stratigraphic frequency, showing that channel size/area and abundance peaked at ca 2 to 3 Ma, but with a distinct low at 3 to 7 Ma: the intervening stratigraphic [sub]unit was a time of reduced sediment accumulation rates.     

Clay Minerals in an Active Hydrothermal Field at Iheya‐North‐Knoll,Okinawa Trough

Iheya‐North‐Knoll is one of the small knolls covered with thick sediments in the Okinawa Trough back‐arc basin. At the east slope of Iheya‐North‐Knoll, nine hydrothermal vents with sulfide mounds are present. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 studied Iheya‐North‐Knoll in September 2010. The expedition provided us with the opportunity to study clay minerals in deep sediments in Iheya‐North‐Knoll. To reveal characteristics of clay minerals in the deep sediments, samples from the drilling cores at three sites close to the most active hydrothermal vent were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The sediments are classified into Layer 0 (shallow), Layer 1 (deep), Layer 2 (deeper) and Layer 3 (deepest) on the basis of the assemblage of clay minerals. Layer 0 contains no clay minerals. Layer 1 contains smectite, kaolinite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 2 contains chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 3 is grouped into three sub‐layers, 3A, 3B and 3C; Sub‐layer 3A contains chlorite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral, sub‐layer 3B contains chlorite/smectite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and sub‐layer 3C contains chlorite and illite. Large amounts of di‐octahedral clay minerals such as smectite, kaolinite, illite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral are found in Iheya‐North‐Knoll, which is rarely observed in hydrothermal fields in mid‐ocean ridges. Tri‐octahedral clay minerals such as chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral in Iheya‐North‐Knoll have low Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios compared with those in mid‐ocean ridges. In conclusion, the characteristics of clay minerals in Iheya‐North‐Knoll differ from those in mid‐ocean ridges; di‐octahedral clay minerals and Fe‐poor tri‐octahedral clay minerals occur in Iheya‐North‐Knoll but not in mid‐ocean ridges.     

中国南极考察航线上气旋大风过程统计分析

综合使用"雪龙"号走航气象观测数据、SeaSpace极轨卫星云图、ERA-Interim再分析数据,研究了中国第19～34次南极考察航线上由南大洋气旋导致的气旋大风过程,分析了其发生数量及时间间隔、强度和空间分布等特征,探讨了气旋大风发生间隔与南极涛动的关系。南大洋气旋对中国南极考察航线影响频繁且强烈,气旋大风过程数量与航次时长呈显著正相关,平均而言每个航次出现约18(4)次气旋大风过程(强过程),平均每间隔6.5(30)天就出现一次;气旋大风过程中,过程风速平均达8级,最大可达12级。但气旋大风过程的数量、发生时间间隔、最大风速都存在较为明显的航次差异。气旋大风过程时间间隔与南半球夏季南极涛动指数呈负相关,且对于发生在55°S以南的过程负相关更为显著;南极涛动通过调整中高纬度风压带强弱,并影响气旋活动数量和活动区域,进而影响考察航线上气旋大风过程发生数量和频率。气旋大风过程可以发生在南大洋和极区内的任意航段,其中以45°～60°S绕极西风带内发生最为频繁,尤其易出现在气旋中心及其北侧与副热带高压配合产生的强梯度风区内。在4个重点考察海域中,由于阿蒙森低压的存在,阿蒙森海气旋大风过程和...     

极区卫星跟踪浮标在北极科学考察中的应用

介绍了两套极区卫星跟踪水文气象自动观测浮标的研制目的、结构组成与功能，以及在中国第二次北极科学考察中的现场布放和应用。同时也介绍了由美国进口的ZENO冰浮标的结构、功能和布放情况，并将极区卫星跟踪浮标和美国ZENO冰浮标做了相应的比较和分析。     

Interannual Variability of Antarctic Hydrographic Structure and Frontal Zones along Meridional Sections between Syowa Station and Southern Africa

Six years of quasi-meridional crossings of the Antarctic Ocean from Antarctica to southern Africa between 4°W and 16°E longitude are analyzed, with emphasis on temperature and salinity distributions. Data are sparse, but (particularly in the southern part of the sections) adequate to show significant variations in the latitude/depth distributions and T-S characteristics of the principal water masses. In particular, the cross-sectional area occupied by Warm Deep Water (Weddell Deep Water) dropped by about one third in 1968. Positions of major features associated with the Antarctic Divergence varied by up to 5 degrees of latitude. The surface temperature gradient often observed at the Antarctic Divergence appears to be the surface expression of a shallow (possibly seasonal) thermocline which sometimes slopes upward to intersect the sea surface. There is a clear need for more closely spaced and consistently planned data from Antarctic cruises, particularly those on which physical oceanography is an ancillary activity. As a bare minimum, much more closely spaced surface temperature (and if possible also salinity) measurements would be useful.     

国内外海洋调查船现状对比分析

海洋调查船是专门进行海洋调查研究的工具,研究内容囊括了海洋气象、水声、物理、化学、生物、地质和水文等诸多学科,是我国海洋强国战略以及"一带一路"顺利实施的重要保障。海洋调查船按照使用的目的分为综合调查船、渔业调查船和极地调查船等。文章在各类调查船中分别选取了国内外具有代表性的船舶进行对比分析,总结了国内各类型调查船的优势和不足,对我国各类调查船的发展方向具有较好的借鉴意义。同时,文章根据对国内外调查船调查能力的对比,提出了我国调查船发展的建议:(1)完善调查船类型;(2)提高各类型船舶调查能力;(3)增加相应类型船舶数量,达到我国海洋调查需求;(4)推动海洋调查仪器设备的国产化进程;(5)加强国家海洋调查船队运行管理职能。