HiPAP 100水下定位系统在海底摄像中的应用

分析了HiPAP100高精度声学定位系统及其水下定位原理,阐述了影响水声传播的因素及HiPAP100的解决办法,介绍了水下定位系统在我国海洋区域地质调查海底摄像测站作业中的应用,分析比较海底摄像常规定位与HiPAP100超短基线的定位精度,说明水下定位在海底摄像等水下拖曳和定点作业中的必要性和重要性。     

地震作用对琼州海峡海缆路由区海底稳定性影向的分析

以琼州海峡的北海—临高段海缆路由为例,利用计算对比的方法,分析了地震作用下,路由区3m以浅海底土液化或滑移的可能性,评价了路由区海底的稳定性。结果发现,在地震烈度为Ⅶ度的地震作用下,砂性土海底的地震剪应力平均值(0.86kPa,1.72kPa和2.57kPa)小于砂性土的液化剪应力(1.60kPa,3.20kPa和4.81kPa);粘性土海底的地震剪应力平均值(1.25kPa,2.49kPa和3.74kPa)小于粘性土的抗滑剪应力平均值(4.07kPa,4.61kPa和4.49kPa),路由区海底稳定性良好;在地震烈度为Ⅷ度的地震作用下,砂性土海底的地震剪应力平均值(1.73kPa,3.45kPa和5.12kPa)大于砂性土的液化剪应力;粘性土海底的地震剪应力平均值(2.49kPa,4.98kPa和7.47kPa)除表层外,大于粘性土的抗滑剪应力,路由区海底会发生失稳破坏。     

边坡立体绿化工程的稳定性

山地城市有许多大面积锚杆喷浆硬化封闭的边坡与城市景观极不协调，为改变这些生硬，单调的自然坡体现状，政府要求对其进行立体绿化。本文以修建黄花园大桥石板坡立交工程形成的石板坡为例，通过多种方法研究了绿化荷载作用对边坡稳定性的影响，结论表明绿化荷载对边坡的稳定性影响较小，只要施工顺序得当可以保证安全。     

Climate variability,snow, and physiographic controls on storm hydrographs in small forested basins,western Cascades,Oregon

Large floods are often attributed to the melting of snow during a rain event. This study tested how climate variability, snowpack presence, and basin physiography were related to storm hydrograph shape in three small (<1 km²) basins with old‐growth forest in western Oregon. Relationships between hydrograph characteristics and precipitation were tested for approximately 800 storms over a nearly 30‐year period. Analyses controlled for (1) snowpack presence/absence, (2) antecedent soil moisture, and (3) hillslope length and gradient. For small storms (<150 mm precipitation), controlling for precipitation, the presence of a snowpack on near‐saturated soil increased the threshold of precipitation before hydrograph rise, extended the start lag, centroid lag, and duration of storm hydrographs, and increased the peak discharge. The presence of a snowpack on near‐saturated soil sped up and steepened storm hydrographs in a basin with short steep slopes, but delayed storm hydrographs in basins with longer or more gentle slopes. Hydrographs of the largest events, which were extreme regional rain and rain‐on‐snow floods, were not sensitive to landform characteristics or snowpack presence/absence. Although the presence of a snowpack did not increase peak discharge in small, forested basins during large storms, it had contrasting effects on storm timing in small basins, potentially synchronizing small basin contributions to the larger basin hydrograph during large rain‐on‐snow events. By altering the relative timing of hydrographs, snowpack melting could produce extreme floods from precipitation events whose size is not extreme. Further work is needed to examine effects of canopy openings, snowpack, and climate warming on extreme rain‐on‐snow floods at the large basin scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bifurcation and second‐order work in geomaterials

In this paper, the ability of a material rate‐independent system to evolve toward another mechanical state from an equilibrium configuration, with no change in the control parameters, is investigated. From a mechanical point of view, this means that the system can spontaneously develop kinetic energy with no external disturbance from an equilibrium state, which corresponds to a particular case of bifurcation. The existence of both conjugate incremental strain and stress such that the second‐order work vanishes is established as a necessary and sufficient condition for the appearance of this bifurcation phenomenon. It is proved that this fundamental result is independent of the constitutive relation of the rate‐independent material considered. Then the case of homogeneous loading paths is investigated, and, as an illustration, the subsequent results are applied to interpret the well‐known liquefaction observed under isochoric triaxial loading conditions with loose granular materials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

White dwarf + red dwarf binary systems and the period gap of cataclysmic variables

Cataclysmic variables (CV) and pre-cataclysmic binaries (PCB) are discussed. The main difference between them (accretion or its absence) is shown to be a consequence of the evolutionary process and the properties of their progenitors. Both types of system have a bimodal distribution of their periods, but the extrema are in counterphase. Luminosity-effective temperature diagrams for the primary components are used to show that both systems have approximately the same age, which conflicts with the notion of PCBs as precursors of CVs. Calculations of the maximum distance between components for which the system remains stable show that CVs have passed this limit, while PCBs maintain their stability during this evolution. It is suggested that, after ejecting a common shell, future CVs immediately become semi-detached systems. It this is so, then there must be cataclysmic variables which are the central stars of planetary nebulae. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 427–439 (August 2007).     

Improvement of pseudo-static method for slope stability analysis

traditional In this paper, two drawbacks pseudo-static method （vertical of the slice method） in the slope stability evaluation have been studied. First, the sliding mass is divided into vertical slices according to this method, which is irrational to some extent in the seismic design of slope. Second, only peak ground acceleration （PGA） is considered, and the effects of shaking frequency and duration on slope stability are neglected. And then, based on the theory of elastic wave and the summarized geological model, this paper put forwards an improved method of pseudo-method by using the theory of elastic wave and Hilbert-Huang transform. The improved pseudostatic method gives reasonable considerations to the time-frequency effects of seismic wave and its rationality has been verified by the shaking table test. This method can evaluate the safety of a slope, the happening time and the scale of landslides. At the same time, this method also can improve the high accuracy of the evaluation of the safety of the slope.     

坡面泥石流发生的坡度阀值研究

对重庆市北碚区的21个坡面泥石流的实地调查表明,坡度对坡面泥石流发生具有重要的控制性作用。在对坡面泥石流流域大量原始坡度进行统计分析后发现,各坡面泥石流的坡度服从正态分布规律。根据这一分布规律,将本区坡面泥石流发生的坡度阀值确定为三类。文章从定量的角度阐述了坡度阀值与坡面泥石流发生的关系,为生态脆弱区的划分、工程建设、防灾减灾和政府决策提供服务。     

Long-term numerical evolution of the nitrogen bulk content in the Mediterranean Sea

The behavior of the Mediterranean ecosystem in response to realistic riverine inputs and dissolved matter exchange is investigated. The strategy is to evaluate the stability of the ecosystem subjected to various atmospheric inputs.