大面积小麦遥感估产模型的构建与调试方法的研究

本文重点研究大面积冬小麦遥感估产模型构建及其调试方法。通过分析冬小麦生长发育过程,对光、温、水、肥等必须条件需求规律研究的基础上,提出了以绿度指数、温度和绿度变化速率等因子,构建大面积冬小麦遥感估产模型。为了适应大面积遥感估产运行系统的需要,在变量获取及模型调试等方面进行了一些新的探索。     

序贯平差抗差估计

推导了参数平差模型序贯平差在参数可变情形下的Ｍ－Ｍ抗差及Ｍ－ＬＳ抗差解式,讨论了相应的影响函数及验后协方差。固定参数序贯平差抗差解为其特例。模拟计算表明,抗差序贯平差能有效地抵制粗差干扰。     

灰色系统理论在估产中的应用：以吉林省梨树县为例

以吉林省梨树县为例,阐述了利用灰色系统进行了玉米气象估产的方法,其中包括用ＧＭ（１,１）模型进行了趋势产量预测,用灰色关联度分析方法确定主气象因子群,以及利用ＧＭ（１,１）进行气象产量预测等。     

全球农作物对大气CO2及其倍增的吸收量估算

根据农作物产量资料（ＦＡＯ１９９２年），计算出中国和全球各种作物对ＣＯ２的吸收总量分别为５．５×１０８ｔ／ａＣ和２８．９×１０８ｔ／ａＣ。同时以不同ＣＯ２浓度下小麦、玉米、大豆等全生育期光合速率实验数据直接计算的Ｃ吸收量为对照，与相应的中国产量资料计算结果比较，两者相差２．６％。从而进一步依据作物对ＣＯ２倍增反应诊断实验结果，推算出大气ＣＯ２浓度比目前倍增（７００ｐｐｍ）条件下，中国和全球农作物吸收ＣＯ２总量将增长２１％－２６％，分别为６．６×１０８ｔ／ａ—６．９×１０８ｔ／ａ和３４．１×１０８ｔ／ａ—３６．２×１０８ｔ／ａＣ。研究还表明，单位面积作物年吸Ｃ量全球（３．２ｔ／（ｈｍ２·８））比中国（４．２ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ））低２５．４％，而且Ｃ４作物普遍高于同类Ｃ３作物。     

A cross entropy method for flood frequency analysis

The cross-entropy method with fractile constraints has been developed to estimate a random variable when the data are a set of independent observations of the variable. The method can claim several advantages over existing methods. It uses a reference distribution like the prior distribution in Bayesian analysis and likewise generates a posterior distribution.The method is of interest, in particular, because it satisfies two fundamental requirements for selfconsistency in the analysis of a probabilistic system based on data: a principle of invariance and a principle of data monotonicity.The method is applied to flood analysis. Robustness of the minimum cross-entropy method is compared with other methods: the methods of moments and the maximum likehood.     

土地利用生态安全评价指标的系统聚类分析

生态安全研究是目前中国土地资源可持续利用研究的前沿课题．本文利用系统聚类分析方法，以湖南省14个地州市为样本，从1999年社会经济和土地生态环境压力、土地生态环境质量、土地生态环境保护和整治能力等多方面的运行数据中选取人口密度、城镇化水平、人均耕地、人均GDP、森林覆盖率、水土流失等24个指标，对土地利用生态安全评价指标作了系统聚类和分析。     

Tricomi and Kummer functions in occurrence, waiting time and exceedance statistics

 Three and four parameter distributions of events and intervals based on the Kummer and Tricomi functions are shown to be statistically tractable. The Kummer distributions cover events less as well as more clustered than the Poisson while the Tricomi distributions have two and three parameter negative binomials as special cases. This flexibility and the moment relations between the parameters make them attractive in cases where the Poisson distribution proves inadequate.     

Précision de l'estimation des précipitations au Sahel selon la densité du réseau d'observation pluviométrique

Many earlier studies have shown the very large spatial variability of rainfall in the Sahel at all time steps, from the event to the season. Often, the meteorological network in these countries is sparse, with one to five rain gauges per 10 000 km². It is thus difficult to calculate accurate estimates of the mean rainfall over such a large area. To improve the knowledge of Sahelian systems and the spatial distribution of rainfall, a dense network was set up in an area of 16 000 km² in southwestern Niger between 1991 and 1996. The aim was to calculate accurate rainfall spatial means over an area of 12 000 km² at different time steps (from the season to the ten-day period). With the spatialisation method used (kriging), it was possible to calculate curves of estimation errors of mean rainfall versus the rain-gauge network density. Operational abacuses of the standard estimation error as a function of the spatial mean of rainfall and the network density are proposed.     

Application of a data‐based mechanistic modelling (DBM) approach for predicting runoff generation in semi‐arid regions

This paper addresses the application of a data‐based mechanistic (DBM) modelling approach using transfer function models (TFMs) with non‐linear rainfall filtering to predict runoff generation from a semi‐arid catchment (795 km²) in Tanzania. With DBM modelling, time series of rainfall and streamflow were allowed to suggest an appropriate model structure compatible with the data available. The model structures were evaluated by looking at how well the model fitted the data, and how well the parameters of the model were estimated. The results indicated that a parallel model structure is appropriate with a proportion of the runoff being routed through a fast flow pathway and the remainder through a slow flow pathway. Finally, the study employed a Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology to evaluate the parameter sensitivity and predictive uncertainty based on the feasible parameter ranges chosen from the initial analysis of recession curves and calibration of the TFM. Results showed that parameters that control the slow flow pathway are relatively more sensitive than those that control the fast flow pathway of the hydrograph. Within the GLUE framework, it was found that multiple acceptable parameter sets give a range of predictions. This was found to be an advantage, since it allows the possibility of assessing the uncertainty in predictions as conditioned on the calibration data and then using that uncertainty as part of the decision‐making process arising from any rainfall‐runoff modelling project. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

文山普者黑机场地下溶洞裂隙稳定性分析

对工程场区溶洞、溶隙的埋深、充填物及其性能、顶板厚度与洞跨、荷载作用形式及大小等因素进行综合分析，判断溶洞、溶隙的稳定性及其对工程建设运营的影响，提出相应的处治方案。