Regional soil erosion in response to land use and increased typhoon frequency and intensity,Taiwan

Reservoir sedimentation data and sediment yields from Taiwanese rivers show increased soil erosion in response to both 20th century changes in land use and a more recent increase in typhoon frequency and intensity. Decadal variations of up to 5- to 20-fold in suspended-sediment rating curves demonstrate supply-limited transport and correspond to increased sediment delivery from hillslopes due to changes in land use, regional ground shaking during the Chi-Chi earthquake, and post-2000 changes in typhoon frequency and intensity. While accelerated erosion in central Taiwan after the Chi-Chi earthquake has been documented previously, our results show that periods of increased upland erosion also occurred earlier, in response to 20th century changes in land use. Analyses of rainfall records and typhoon frequency for the period 1900–2009 further point to an island-wide increase in erosion rates corresponding to increased typhoon frequency and intensity after 1990.     

坡面侵蚀过程定量研究进展

坡面是土壤侵蚀最基本的地貌单元,定量研究坡面侵蚀能为研究土壤侵蚀规律、确定坡面重点侵蚀部位、建立土壤侵蚀预报模型提供科学依据。总结了溅蚀、片蚀、细沟侵蚀、浅沟侵蚀的定量研究进展,简述了土壤侵蚀模型的研究进展,对目前的其它研究方法进行了评述。     

渤海海域庙西凹陷中南洼古近纪盆地原始形态恢复

庙西凹陷中南洼位于渤中凹陷与胶辽隆起过渡带, 受胶辽隆起差异隆升作用控制, 古近系孔店组、沙四段、沙三段以及东营组沉积之后各组遭受了不同程度的剥蚀。 本文综合 利用声波时差法、镜质体反射率法以及地层厚度变化率法恢复了庙西凹陷中南洼各关键期剥蚀厚度, 再现了庙西凹陷中南洼古近系演化过程。 结果表明, 该区古近纪各沉积期在沉积之后普遍遭受了阶段性抬升剥蚀, 致使各期盆地边界形成多个扩大-收缩旋回, 盆地原形并非小而浅;孔店期-东营期原始盆地沉积边界较现今盆地边界可向东外推 18～25 km;孔店期盆地为统一凹陷, 孔店期之后中、南部洼陷区开始出现差异性隆升-沉降作用, 沙四段沉积期继承孔店期的特点, 差异进一步加大, 沙三段沉积期南、北两个次洼彻底分离, 形成两个孤立洼陷, 东营组披覆沉积两洼之上, 并遭受区域性剥蚀。     

套尔河湾海域泥沙冲淤特征——兼论黄河改道后三角洲的冲淤演化

将1855年、1934年、1959年、1984年的海图的深度基准面换算成为当地黄海平均海水面,把它们的深度变化转换成泥沙的冲淤变化。研究了套尔河湾海域及黄河改道后三角洲的冲淤演化规律,行水时是快速淤进;改道后,初期是强烈的侵蚀和冲刷,随着时间的推移,其速率均逐渐减慢,达到岸滩平衡剖面塑造后,发育为轻微淤进或此冲彼淤的稳定海岸。提出:冲淤速率≤0.056km/a,贝壳堤迅速发育是海岸稳定的标志;冲淤速率≤±0.084km/a,贝壳滩开始发育是海岸向稳定演化的标志。本海域5—10m海区的坡度小于1/2000,是平衡剖面海域的标志;坡度小于1/1500,是向平衡剖面发育的标志。这对认识近代黄河三角洲的冲淤演变以及对套尔河湾海岸的开发建设,都具有重要意义。     

Modelling sediment trapping in vegetative filter strips on steep slopes

The slope effects on sediment trapping process in vegetative filter strips (VFS) are usually neglected in current modelling practices for VFS operation, which hamper the VFS design and performance evaluation, especially on steep slopes. To fill the knowledge gap, 12 laboratory experiments of sediment trapping in VFS were conducted with three different inflow discharge (80, 100, and 120 ml s⁻¹) and four slope angles (5,10, 15, and 20°). The experimental results show that, on steep slopes (10, 15, and 20°), a part of trapped sediment particles in VFS can be eroded again and then dragged to the downstream as bed load, whilst they do not move on gentle slope (5°). To describe the complex processes, a simple and effective modelling framework was developed for sloped VFS by coupling the slope infiltration, runoff, and modified sediment transport model. The model was tested against the experimental results and good agreements between the modelled and observed results were found in both runoff and sediment transport processes for all cases. On steep slopes, the sediment trapping performance of VFS decreases significantly because the erosion of deposited sediment particles can account for more than 60% of the sediment load in the outflow. The slope effect on sediment trapping efficiency of VFS varies greatly with soil, VFS, and slope properties. The model was compared with previous sediment transport equation and found that both methods can satisfactorily predict the sediment trapping of VFS on gentle slopes, but previous sediment transport equation is likely to overestimate the sediment trapping efficiency in VFS on steep slopes. This model is expected to provide a more realistic and accurate method for predicting runoff and sediment reduction in VFS on sloping surfaces.