Effect of incorporation of iron and aluminum on the thermoelastic properties of magnesium silicate perovskite

In situ X-ray diffraction measurements of Fe- and Al-bearing MgSiO₃-rich perovskite (FeAl-Pv), which was synthesized from a natural orthopyroxene, were performed at pressures of 19–32 GPa and temperatures of 300–1,500 K using a combination of a Kawai-type apparatus with eight sintered-diamond anvils and synchrotron radiation. Two runs were performed using a high-pressure cell with two sample chambers, and both MgSiO₃ perovskite (Mg-Pv) and FeAl-Pv were synthesized simultaneously in the same cell. Thus we were able to measure specific volumes (V/V ₀) of Mg-Pv and FeAl-Pv at the same P−T conditions. At all the measurement conditions, values of the specific volume of FeAl-Pv are consistent with those of Mg-Pv within 2 Standard Deviation, strongly suggesting that effect of incorporation of iron and aluminum on the thermoelastic properties of magnesium silicate perovskite is undetectable in this composition, pressure, and temperature range. Two additional runs were performed using a high-pressure cell that has one sample chamber and unit-cell volumes of FeAl-Pv were measured at pressures and temperatures up to 32 GPa and 1,500 K, respectively. All the unit-cell volume data of FeAl-Pv perovskite were fitted to the high temperature Birch–Murnaghan equation of state and a complete set of thermoelastic parameters of this perovskite was determined with an assumption of K′ _300,0 = 4. The determined parameters are K _300,0 = 243(3) GPa, (∂K _T,0/∂T) _P = −0.030(8) GPa/K, a ₀ = 2.78(18) × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, and b ₀ = 0.88(28) × 10⁻⁸ K⁻², where a ₀ and b ₀ are the coefficients of the following expression describing the zero-pressure thermal expansion: α _T,0 = a ₀ + b ₀ T. The equation-of-state parameters of FeAl-Pv are in good agreement with those of MgSiO₃ perovskite at the conditions corresponding to the uppermost part of the lower mantle.     

角度对于Y型分叉断层自发破裂传播过程的影响

断层的几何形态是地震破裂传播过程的控制因素之一,从而影响着地震的危险性.Y型分叉断层是断层的多种复杂几何形态当中常见的一种,研究断层的分叉特征对震源破裂传播的影响,对于深入认识复杂几何形态断层的动力学特征具有重要意义.本文利用边界积分方程方法,模拟了612个分叉面,通过改变分叉断层面的分叉角度来分析断层分叉对传播的影响,并定量分析了分叉面之间以及主断层对分叉面的应力作用机制.模拟结果表明：分叉断层的一个断层分叉的破裂,既受到主断层作用的影响,也受到该断层另一分叉的作用的影响,是两者共同作用的结果.其中,主断层的作用基本上只与该断层分叉与主断层延长面的夹角有关,而与该断层另一分叉关系不大;该断层另一分叉的作用主要与两个断层分叉的夹角有关,但同时也要考虑其破裂状况.对于破裂以超剪切速度到达断层分叉处的情况,主断层对于大角度和小角度分叉的破裂促进作用较强,而对中等角度分叉的破裂促进作用较弱;该断层另一分叉对破裂的作用随着两个断层分叉之间夹角的增加,由强烈的抑制转为促进.     

Ferrous iron in post-perovskite from first-principles calculations

We investigate by first-principles calculations the effect of ferrous iron, Fe²⁺, on the structure and the equation of state of MgSiO₃ post-perovskite. We find that ferrous iron is high-spin over the pressure range of the mantle assuming a ferromagnetic structure. The bulk modulus and the specific volume increase with the addition of ferrous iron to MgSiO₃. We find that Fe partitions preferentially to post-perovskite and broadens the two-phase pressure range.     

弹性波阻抗反演在煤层气储层预测中的应用

弹性波阻抗反演方法保留了地震反射振幅随偏移距或入射角变化的特征,能够获得更多、更敏感、更有效的数据,不但适合地层反演,还可进行储集层岩性反演。阐述了弹性波阻抗反演的基础理论及实现流程,通过对实际资料的反演,分析了其在煤层气储层预测中的应用特点。      

The effect of wind averaging time on wind erosivity estimation

The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) and Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) are widely used for estimating wind‐induced soil erosion at a field scale. Wind is the principal erosion driver in the two models. Wind erosivity, which describes the capacity of wind to cause soil erosion, is defined as erosive wind power density (WPD) in WEPS, and wind value (W) in RWEQ. In this study, the daily average WPD (AWPD) and the daily average W (Wf) were chosen to investigate the effect of averaging time on wind erosivity estimation based on observed wind data. We compare the daily AWPD and Wf calculated from 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minute average wind speed data. The results of comparisons indicate that averaging wind speed can significantly influence estimates of wind erosivity. Compared with the daily AWPD and Wf calculated from one minute average wind speed data, all daily AWPD and Wf values calculated from 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minute averaged wind speeds tend to be significantly lower than values calculated from one minute values. In general, longer averaging times tend to produce smaller values of daily AWPD or Wf, which may lead to an under‐estimation of wind erosion. Further studies are needed to extend and apply the findings obtained in this study to actual wind erosion predictions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

再论地震数据偏移成像

利用地震波正向传播方程对属于波形线性反演问题近似求解方法的地震数据偏移成像进行重新推导,得到了适合散射地震数据的散射偏移成像方法和适合反射地震数据的反射偏移成像方法.以地震波传播的散射理论为出发点,首先根据描述一次散射波正向传播的线性方程研究建立散射地震数据的偏移成像方法理论;利用高频近似对产生散射波场的地下速度扰动函数的空间变化进行近似,推导出地下反射率函数,再由散射波传播方程推导出基于反射率函数的反射波传播方程,然后根据描述一次反射波正向传播的线性方程研究建立反射地震数据的偏移成像方法理论.本文指出和修正了Claerbout偏移成像方法中的不足,提出的地震数据偏移成像方法是对当前偏移成像方法理论的完善,使反射地震数据偏移成像具有了更坚实的数学物理理论基础,得到的偏移成像结果相位正确、位置准确、分辨率提高.     

Budyko方程和单作物系数法在区域蒸散发估算中的耦合及应用

实际蒸散发(ET)是水文循环的关键环节,分布式量化ET是区域水量平衡计算的重要内容。本文基于Budyko水热耦合方程推算单作物系数,在单作物系数和基于遥感方法的叶面积指数(LAI)之间进行统计回归,建立计算LAI的模式,实现Budyko方程进行区域ET估算的空间分辨率提升。洮河流域的范例研究证实了两种方法耦合在复杂地理-生态区间应用的合理性。本文为区域ET的分布式量化研究提供了一种新的思路。     

珠三角流动人口社会融入与生活满意度期望

近年来有关流动人口社会融入和生活满意度的研究成为我国学者广泛关注的研究主题,较高的社会融入水平已成为流动人口获得生活满意度的根本。基于珠三角流动人口问卷调研数据建立两个结构方程模型,探究社会融入各维度及其影响因素的路径效应,进一步分析社会融入如何影响流动人口实现“生活满意度期望”,即感受到本地生活满意度高于老家的路径机制。结果显示：珠三角地区社会融入可分为经济融入和非经济融入两部分,但经济融入的基础作用不凸显;个体、家庭与制度等因素对社会融入各维度存在较大影响差异;社会融入影响“生活满意度期望”可归纳为“经济融入-生活满意度期望”的直接影响路径和“非经济融入-生活满意度-生活满意度期望”的间接影响路径;提高流动人口市民化和社会融入水平,不仅要关注流动人口的经济收入问题,还应注重流动人口与本地人邻里关系建设,以形成良性的城市更新与和谐的社区环境。     

基于GIS和RS的四川省彭州市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价

根据彭州市独特的自然地理特征,结合美国通用土壤流失方程(USLE),选择降雨侵蚀力(R)、土壤可蚀性(K)、坡度坡长(LS)和地表覆盖(C)4个自然因子作为彭州市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价的指标,在GIS和RS技术支持下,对彭州市土壤侵蚀敏感性并进行综合评价.结果表明:彭州市土壤侵蚀敏感性以不敏感(37.78％)、轻度敏感(19.22％)和极敏感(22.09％)为主,中度敏感(10.57％)和高度敏感(10.33％)比例相对较小;区域内土壤侵蚀敏感性的空间分布具有垂直地带性,其中最不敏感区主要分布在东南平原地区,极敏感区主要分布在北部坡度大于25.的亚高山、低山和深丘地区.研究结果将为区域内土壤侵蚀状况的宏观把握和水土保持政策的制定提供科学依据.     

基于GIS和USLE的东圳库区土壤侵蚀量预测研究

运用GIS、遥感技术与USLE模型相结合预测东圳库区流域土壤侵蚀量,利用GIS平台建立东圳库区基础地理数据库,以10×10m为栅格单元对库区进行离散化,在GIS空间分析功能支持下,结合USLE土壤侵蚀预测模型,根据合适的USLE因子算法生成栅格图层,通过图层运算,预测了东圳库区土壤侵蚀量,进而标识库区土壤侵蚀严重区域,为库区非点源污染控制及水土流失治理提供定量依据,并通过建立实用的泥沙输移比模型结合水文监测数据,对预测结果进行验证。根据USLE方程,采用改进后的SDR方程,预测的渡里流域年输沙量与流域实际监测得到的年输沙量仅相差14.08%,说明本文采用USLE方程模拟流域土壤侵蚀结果可信,可定量评价、拟定水土保持措施方案。