Structure and function of soil microbial community in artificially planted Sonneratia apetala and S. caseolaris forests at different stand ages in Shenzhen Bay,China

The present study examined the relationships between soil characteristics, microbial community structure and function in the forests artificially planted with exotic Sonneratia apetala at stand ages of 1-, 2-, 7-, 10- and 14-years and Sonneratia caseolaris of 1-, 4-, 7-, 10- and 14-years in Futian National Nature Reserve, Shenzhen Bay, China. The 7-years old forests of both Sonneratia species reached peak growth and had the highest content of nitrogen and phosphorus, enzymatic activities, including dehydrogenase, cellulase, phosphatase, urease and ß-glucosidase, except arylsulphatase which increased continuously with stand ages. The microbial community structure reflected by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles also reached the maximum value in the 7-years old forests and soil bacterial PLFAs in both forests were significantly higher than fungal PLFAs. The canonical correlation analysis revealed that differences in microbial structural variables were significantly correlated to the differences in their functional variables, and the highest correlation was found between the soil enzymatic activities and the content of carbon and nitrogen.     

The impact of convergence zones on the initiation of deep convection: A case study from COPS

During the ‘Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study’ (COPS) performed in summer 2007, deep convection developed on July 15, although convective available potential energy was only moderate and convective inhibition was high. Convection was restricted to an area east of the Black Forest crest. Data analysis revealed that the convection was triggered by different mechanisms. Due to a surface high which was situated east of the Black Forest and a surface low which approached the investigation area from the west, a mesoscale convergence zone was established between the two regions and moved eastwards. Secondly, high insolation favoured the development of slope and valley winds and high evapotranspiration resulted in an increase of moisture in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The thermally driven circulation systems formed a convergence zone along the mountain crest. When the synoptically induced mesoscale convergence zone reached the Black Forest, the different convergence zones superimposed optimally, such that strong updraughts were observed above the mountain. These updraughts penetrated the PBL-capping inversion and nearly reached the level of free convection. About 15 min after the convergence zone had passed the Black Forest crest, first clouds developed east of it. While moving further eastwards, the convergence zone intensified and became visible as a north-south oriented cloud line in the satellite images. Some deep convective cells with precipitation formed within the cloud line. The dense COPS network allowed the capture of the position and characteristics of the convergence zone and explains why convection developed in some restricted areas only.     

Enzyme Immunoassay for Pesticide Analysis Enzymimmunoassays zur Pestizidanalytik

Enzyme immunoassays profit from the unique properties of antibodies concerning their selectivity and affinity towards ligands, e.g. pesticides. The most commonly applied types belong to the class of competitive immunoassays with phase separation such as the ELISA. The principle is explained and illustrated using an atrazine assay as a representative example. Common error sources, especially cross-reactivities and matrix effects, are discussed. Interlaboratory tests demonstrate the presently available quality of enzyme immunoassays. An outlook is given on future developments.     

Influence of Atmospheric Carboxylic Acids on Catalytic Oxidation of Sulfur(IV)

The influence of some low weight mono- and di-carboxylic acids, which were selected on the basis of analysis of the water-soluble fraction of size segregated marine and urban aerosols collected in Slovenia, on the kinetics of S(IV) oxidation catalyzed by Mn(II) under conditions representative of tropospheric liquid water, was investigated. Mono-carboxylic acids inhibit the oxidation, with the strongest influence found for formic acid. Inhibition by glycolic and lactic acid was found to be very similar, while the lowest inhibition was caused by acetic acid. Our results are in agreement with the proposed mechanism, i.e. scavenging of sulfate radicals, since the inhibiting effect of the individual acid increases with higher dissociation constant. An exception is formic acid, where the additional inhibiting steps should be responsible for the induction period and thus for higher inhibition. Malic and malonic acids have practically no influence, while oxalic acid slows down the oxidation, although to a lesser extent than mono-carboxylic acids. An extended version of a previously derived generalized simple kinetic model was also derived and applied for predicting the reaction kinetics in the presence of all examined carboxylic acids at pH 3.5 and 4.5.     

下扬子皖南地区皖泾地2井地质特征与优快钻井对策

皖南地区发育有三叠系殷坑组、二叠系大隆组—龙潭组2套油气成藏系统,但区域上构造复杂,断层发育,地层软硬交错、变换频繁,缩径、井漏、井壁垮塌、卡钻等各种复杂情况时常发生,且局部存在高压气层,钻探施工面临巨大挑战。皖泾地2井通过采用随钻堵漏、复合堵漏、页岩专用取心钻头、混合钻头、强抑制性钻井液等技术对策,实现了该井的优快钻进,将钻井周期缩短了24 d,并采用弹韧性双凝双密度固井技术保证了生产套管的固井质量,为下一步的压裂试气作业提供了技术保障。该套技术体系可为今后该区同类工程的优快钻井施工提供借鉴作用。     

PVA1788无固相冲洗液体系的研究与应用

为了提高绳索取心液动锤钻进技术在复杂地层的应用效果,提高无固相冲洗液维持孔壁稳定的能力,在PHP+GSP无固相冲洗液体系的基础上,添加了PVA1788冲洗液处理剂。按PHP、GSP、PVA1788比例为1∶5∶5混合,混合粉加量为1%~1.5%时,API滤失量为10~11 mL,漏斗粘度为18.4~21 s,塑性粘度为3.5~6 mPa·s,动切力为0.5~0.75 Pa。根据冲洗液试验及现场应用,该PVA1788无固相冲洗液体系具有粘度低、抑制防塌能力强、润滑性能好、使用维护方便等特点,大幅度提高了液动锤零配件的工作寿命,提高了钻机钻深能力,满足了复杂地层维护孔壁稳定、安全钻进的需要。本文对类似地层无固相冲洗液的推广应用具有参考价值。     

钾铵基聚合物钻井液抑制性研究

大牛地气田石盒子组泥岩发育,钻井液抑制性不足,易发生井壁失稳事故,严重影响施工安全和施工进度。在分析石盒子组泥岩段失稳机理的基础上,开展了钾铵基聚合物钻井液抑制性研究。放大蒙脱石和伊蒙混层矿物含量,评价和优选出具有高效抑制性的钾铵基聚合物钻井液体系。该体系具有较低的线性膨胀率和较高的滚动回收率,对大牛地气田预防泥岩段井壁失稳具有重要的实际意义。     

Approaches to the Immunochemical Analysis of Non-extractable Triazine Residues in Refractory Organic Substances (ROS) and Characterization of ROS

The tendency of several pesticides to form non-extractable residues requires simple and fast screening methods. Immunochemical methods can meet this demand. They are based on selective and highly sensitive antibody binding to pesticide residues exposed on refractory organic substances (ROS). s-Triazines were used as an example to show the feasibility of this approach. It was proven that under laboratory conditions atrazine was bound to ROS. Antibody recognition pointed to the availability of free ethyl and isopropyl groups exposed at the non-extractable s-triazine residue. Therefore, it is suggested on the basis of antibody selectivities that binding of atrazine to ROS may take place by substitution of the chlorine residue. In the next step, aquatic ROS isolated from surface waters located in an agricultural area were examined for non-extractable s-triazines. ROS from a lake were found to contain bound residues, whereas none were detected in the creek samples. As an outlook the feasibility of serological characterization of ROS is discussed. The novel concept of serotyping is based on the fractionation of ROS by electrophoretic techniques followed by an immunoreaction with polyclonal antibodies directed against different ROS. When immunoelectrophoresis is used, precipitation lines can be compared and checked for identity and cross-reactivity. This approach can form the basis for classifying ROS and determine similarities with unknown ROS.     

MEG钻井液的试验研究

摘 要　 MEG 泥浆是国外最近才研制成功的一种新型无环境污染的油基泥浆替代体系。扼要 介绍了 MEG 母液和泥浆的性能及作用机理‚给出了在国内首次开展的关于 MEG 新型泥浆的 部分试验结果。试验结果表明‚研制出的 MEG 泥浆确实具有优良的抑制性、润滑性、储层保 护特性和抗污染能力。