From surface acidity to surface reactivity; inhibition of oxide dissolution

Paul Schindler's early work on the acid-base chemistry of oxides was instrumental for the development of the concept of surface complexation. This approach has not only been important in establishing a theory on the adsorption of metal ions and ligands as a function of pH and solution variables, but has become essential in establishing surface speciation (coordinative structural and electronic arrangement at the solidwater interface) which in turn determines surface reactivity. The factors that affect dissolution of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides and inhibition of dissolution are discussed. A few examples for the inhibition of reductive and ligand-promoted dissolution by binuclear complexes of oxoanions (phosphate, borate) and of protonpromoted dissolution by Cr(III) are given.     

Improvement of a Monoclonal Antibody-based Immunoassay for the Determination of Terbutryn Verbesserung eines Immunassays mit monoklonalen Antikörpern zur Bestimmung von Terbutryn

The performance of an existing enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for the determination of terbutryn was improved by the application of a new enzyme tracer. For this purpose the triazine derivative 6-chloro-2-(tert-butylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-4-(6-aminohexane carboxylic acid) was coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The competitive EIA on microwell plates made it possible to determine terbutryn in the range from 0.05 to 1 μg/L with a 50% B/B₀ value of the test at 0.2 μg/L. The application of the EIA to determine terbutryn in spiked surface waters provided good recoveries of terbutryn without matrix effects.     

Einsatz eines Immunoassays als Screening-Verfahren für die Untersuchung von Grundwasserproben auf Mecoprop

Application of an Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection of Mecoprop in a Ground water Screening Procedure A competitive solid-phase enzyme immunoassay based on rabbit polyclonal antibodies was tested for its reliability. This assay, used for the detection of the phenoxycarboxylic acid mecoprop [2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy-)propionic acid], has already been characterized in terms of middle of the test (0.36 μg/L at 50% B/B₀) and detection limit (0.06 μg/L at 80% B/B₀) by Weber (Acta hydrochim. hydrobiol. 22, 53–59 (1994)). For the reliability test, a small number from a batch of one hundred groundwater samples were spiked. The analyst was neither aware of which nor of how many samples were spiked. The spiked samples were all detected as positive. There were no false negative results. From these findings, values of 1 were obtained for the diagnostic sensitivity and for the diagnostic specificity. Based on these results, the mecoprop contents of 228 groundwater samples from various waterlevel gauges of a test field were determined. The test site had previously been treated repeatedly with this herbicide. Confirmation of the enzyme immunoassay results was carried out by GC/MS. This showed that the enzyme immunoassay gave one false positive result only. All other results from immunoassay and GC/MS showed good correlation.     

新型水基钻井液体系在页岩气钻井中应用探讨

目前中国页岩气水平井水平段钻井主要使用油基钻井液,但油基岩屑处理费用昂贵,急需开发和应用一种具有环境保护特性的高性能水基钻井液体系。通过室内实验,优选出适合于水基钻井液的封堵剂、降失水剂等主要处理剂,进而研制出了钾铵基聚磺成膜钻井液体系配方,并进行了抗温性、润滑性、防塌抑制性、封堵性、抗污染性性能评价实验。结果表明：钾铵基聚磺钻井液流变性能良好,抗温可达150 ℃;润滑性能优良,具有较好的抗盐、抗钙污染性能和防漏封堵性能,防塌抑制性强。     

钾铵聚合物钻井液在地热钻井中的应用研究

贵州地热井钻遇地层以灰岩和白云岩为主,夹杂泥岩、砂岩及煤层等不稳定地层,为满足井壁稳定及配合螺杆钻进工艺的需求,确定采用强抑制聚合物钻井液体系。通过正交试验确定了室内配方,并对配方的综合性能进行了室内测评。FT-1与QS-2协同作用可有效改善泥皮质量,白油润滑剂在1%加量时即可将润滑系数降低至0.2以下。其综合性能测试结果表明：该钻井液体系具有良好的流变性,抑制性强且润滑性良好。相比于无固相聚合物钻井液,井眼清洁能力明显增强,机械钻速提高了129%,漏失风险有所下降,取得了良好的实钻效果。     

The effect of UV-B radiation enhancement on the interspecific competition between Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiwo

1 Introduction R ed tide is a global m arine ecological calam ity.In recentyears, there has been an increase in frequen-cy, affected area and extentof injury of red tide out-breaks in the coastalw aters ofour country.A ccordingto China M arine D isaster B ulletin issued by the StateO ceanic A dm inistration of C hina, harm ful red tideshad occurred up to 119 tim es in 2003, w hich w as 40tim es m ore than thatin 2002. O w ing to the w orsenedcultural environm ent and increased nutrient en…     

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy as a novel approach to measure macromolecule–surface interactions and activities of extracellular enzymes

The dynamics of high molecular weight organic matter in marine systems are influenced by molecular conformation, interactions with surfaces and susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis, parameters that are difficult to observe experimentally. Here we use electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and spin-labeled (SL-) polysaccharides to monitor the sorption of SL-polysaccharides to natural sediment surfaces and to montmorillonite and to observe decreases in polysaccharide size due to enzymatic hydrolysis. SL-pullulan, SL-xylan and SL-maltoheptaose all sorbed rapidly to muddy sediments but not to sandy sediments. SL-pullulan and SL-maltoheptaose also both sorbed to montmorillonite; however, SL-pullulan reached substantially greater final surface loadings than did SL-maltoheptaose. Using EPR has the advantages of being rapid (spectra can be acquired in 100 seconds), non-destructive and functional in complex media, including sediment slurries, muddy water or other optically opaque samples, permitting investigation of the interactions between biomacromolecules, extracellular enzymes and mineral surfaces in aquatic environments.     

Nitrous oxide concentration and nitrification and denitrification in Zhujiang River Estuary, China

1 Introduction Estuaries have been subject to intense anthro- pogenic influences over recent decades by inputs of ni- trogen as a consequence of fertilizer usage and sewage/waste input (Howarth et al., 1996). Thus, the capacity of an estuary to buffer or alleviate additional nutrients is of importance in modifying the load of ni- trogen in the marine ecosystem. The role of microor- ganisms in regulating fluxes of nitrogen from land to sea through estuaries has received increased attention (Ni…     

Dark induced reproductive inhibition of Daphnia carinata during the 1995 solar eclipse

Population of Daphnia carinata exposed to different times on the day showed sharp inhibition of reproduction (measured different life table data) on the day of solar eclipse as compared to pre- and post-eclipse days. Sudden fall of water temperature and abrupt change to darkness as prevailed during the solar eclipse were responsible for inhibition of reproduction in Daphnia carinata. Cold and dark induced reproductive inhibition was also confirmed in a simulated experiment mimicing eclipse reduction in light and temperature.     

仿油性水基钻井液的试验研究

近期研制成功了一种代号为 JMC的新型水基仿油性钻井液。这种钻井液配方简单 ,具有优良的流变性、滤失性 ,抗污染能力强。和常规的水基钻井液相比 ,JMC仿油性钻井液具有良好的页岩抑制性、润滑性和储层保护性