变异系数用于标本磁参数统计工作的研究

过去,人们对岩(矿)石磁参数测定工作不够重视,多数磁测工作是按照相应的工作规范只是测一测岩(矿)石磁参数.甚至有不少磁测工作不对工区内的岩(矿)石标本做磁参数测定工作,或只做少量的测定工作.而这些为数不多的磁参数测定工作也只是作磁化率和剩余磁化强度的平均数(众数)统计,没有对标本磁参数离散程度进行深入的统计研究.尽管利用变异系数表征磁参数的相对离散程度是很早就被人们认识到的.但是,目前就是在极少数关注磁参数离散程度的研究者中,也多引用标准离差,而不是变异系数.笔者对岩(矿)石标本磁参数的变异系数作了浅显的研究,并认为研究岩石磁性强度的自身不均匀性和相互之间的不均匀性对比,变异系数应当是一个不错的参数.     

Sand and gravel mining: effects on ground water resources in Hancock county,Maine, USA

Based on this preliminary study, existing sand and gravel mining regulations (in Maine, USA) can be inferred to provide some protection to water resources. Sand and gravel deposits are important natural resources that have dual uses: mining for construction material and pumping for drinking water. How the mining of sand and gravel affects aquifers and change aquifer vulnerability to contamination is not well documented. Mining regulations vary greatly by state and local jurisdiction. This study test metrics to measure the effectiveness of mining regulations. The sand and gravel aquifer system studied is covered with former and active gravel pits to nearly 25% of its areal extent. Data from homeowner interviews and field measurements found scant evidence of changes in water quantity. Water quality analyses collected from springs, streams, ponds and wells indicate that the aquifer was vulnerable to contamination by chloride and nitrate. However, water quality changes can not be related directly to mining activities.     

Hydrogen sulphide as a natural air contaminant in volcanic/geothermal areas: the case of Sousaki,Corinthia (Greece)

Volcanic and geothermal areas are one of the major natural sources of H₂S to the atmosphere. Its environmental impact is often the main cause of the opposition to the development of geothermal energy exploitation programs. In this paper, we analyze the air concentrations and dispersion pattern of naturally emitted H₂S at the geothermal area of Sousaki (Corinthia, Greece). Measurements, made with a network of passive samplers, evidence a rapid decrease of concentration values away from the emission points. The fact that the decrease is more pronounced in the summer with respect to the winter indicates that it is not only due to a dilution effect, but also to redox reactions favored by higher temperatures and intense sunlight typical of the summer period.     

我国东北地区晚更新世中晚期环境变化与猛犸象—披毛犀动物群绝灭研究综述

通过对文献资料的总结、统计分析,结合对我国东北地区的实地考察和初步研究结果,论述了我国东北地区晚更新世中晚期以来环境变化与猛犸象—披毛犀动物群演化、灭绝的研究现状和存在问题及其与国际对相应时段猛犸象研究之间的差距。提出加强对我国东北地区晚更新世气候环境的重建、认识气候变化的区域特点和突变性,系统而可靠地建立以猛犸象—披毛犀为主的化石动物年代序列、区分主要类型化石动物年代是研究的关键。以独立的气候环境变化和化石动物的年代序列为参照系,在区域环境变化的框架内讨论化石动物群生存的气候环境、生态特征和灭绝过程,进而探讨动物群演化及灭绝与气候环境变化的关系。这将为认识区域环境突变、动植物对环境变化的响应、我国东北地区晚更新世猛犸象—披毛犀动物群与欧亚大陆其它地区猛犸象之间的内在联系,认识人类演化与生存环境的适应、动植物演替与绝灭的临界条件等一系列重大科学问题提供资料。     

Environmental democratization and water justice in extractive frontiers of Colombia

Mechanisms of democratic participation have been activated in Colombia since 2006 for the purpose of protecting water sources, hydrosocial territories and peasant livelihoods. A chronological perspective on the numerous and varied cases illustrates their cumulative, transformative effect on judicial decisions taken by the high courts, which have endorsed these mechanisms of direct democracy and expanded the scope of democratization to socioenvironmental issues. The process of environmental democratization in Colombia has been gradual, starting with the creation of opportunities for citizen participation in the Constitution of 1991; followed in the first decade of this century by the activation of the mechanisms of democratic participation created; and culminating with the watershed Constitutional Court ruling T-445 of 2016, which confirmed the right of municipalities to consult with their citizens about mining and oil extraction in their territories. The cases are analyzed here through the lens of democratization and transformative and judicialized politics. The paper argues that the reconfiguration of power through the use and contestation of participatory mechanisms reveals an ambiguous state-formation process characterized by repressed democratization. It also demonstrates that the process of environmental democratization that started with the activation of the democratic participation mechanisms introduced in the Constitution of 1991 has been one of transformative democratic politics, in which a dynamic array of political actors have consolidated democratic participation on environmental issues through constitutional lobbying and activism.     

(Re)Connecting spatial literacy with children’s geographies: GPS,Google Earth and children’s everyday lives

This article sets out an agenda for research that (re)connects research on children’s geographies and childhood studies with studies of spatial literacy. Research on children’s environmental cognition and, latterly, spatial literacy, has been artificially and problematically separated from the majority of research in childhood studies. Our fundamental aim in this article is to argue for – and to evidence – greater attention to how spatial literacy and children’s everyday lives are embedded in one another. To support our broader call for a synthetic research agenda, we draw on some more focussed, qualitative empirical material taken from a large-scale project about children’s mobilities and everyday lives in newly-built urban communities. Our analysis focuses upon children’s interpretations of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) tracks of their mobilities, set against a background of Google Earth imagery. In doing so, we showcase one suite of ways in which research on environmental cognition and children’s geographies might proceed together. We demonstrate that children not only displayed analytical skills (for instance, in relation to scaling effects and pattern recognition) but that many also exercised higher-level, critical analysis, especially in relation to errors on Google Earth outputs. Simultaneously, we interrogate the recursive articulation of a range of qualitative indicators of spatial literacy, with children’s everyday mobilities, routines, emotions and memories. The paper analyses how new conceptual languages and technologies being propounded by spatial literacy scholars could afford a more enriched understanding of key contemporary concerns for children’s geographers, and, recursively, what spatial literacy scholars might gain from engaging with (especially qualitative) research prompted by those concerns.     

Behavior and Environmental Effects of Mercury Relevant to the Melt of Alpine Glacier:A Review

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant. As one of the significant cryospheric environmental matrix, snow-ice plays a unique role in Hg biogeochemical cycling, which has drawn a wide attention of scientists. Besides polar regions, a large aggregate of glaciers are distributed in the high elevation of mid-high latitude areas. These alpine glaciers are proximate to human residence and are sensitive to the climate change, which would readily impact the human society, water resource security and water quality. Consequently, investigating the behavior and environmental effects of Hg relevant to the melt of alpine glaciers represents significant scientific and social importance. The deposition and storage of Hg in alpine glacier areas were outlined and the removal characteristics and transformation of Hg during glacier melt process and transport of Hg in glacier-fed river were summarized. Based on this study, we suggested that glacier be one of the potential sources of Hg to the downstream areas. Moreover, it was worth concerning the fate and environmental effects of Hg in the ecosystem fed by the glacier runoff. Eventually, we proposed prospects of the process of Hg release during glacier melt and the hot issues of Hg transport in glacier runoff.     

激光能量密度对LA-ICP-MS分析数据质量的影响研究

LA-ICP-MS分析矿物元素含量时激光能量密度会影响样品的剥蚀速率,从而影响测试过程的信号强度。激光能量密度变化对测试数据精确度的影响,以及不同天然矿物对激光能量密度的响应尚需进一步明确。本文测定了不同莫氏硬度天然矿物可稳定剥蚀的最小激光能量密度,评估了193nm ArF准分子激光系统中能量密度对地质标准样品(NIST SRM614、USGS BCR-2G、USGS GSC-1G)和天然矿物测试数据质量的影响。研究结果表明:①稳定剥蚀石英和萤石所需的最小激光能量密度为4～5J/cm~2,低于前人的报道值(10J/cm~2),而稳定剥蚀其他矿物(如滑石、磷灰石、刚玉等)所需的最小能量密度一般在1～2J/cm~2;②不同激光能量密度剥蚀条件下,标准样品中大部分微量元素测试结果与推荐值的相对误差小于20%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%,而天然矿物中含量1μg/g的大部分微量元素测试数据的RSD小于20%;③在一定范围内,激光能量密度越大,数据平均相对误差越小,整体质量更好。     

腐植酸改性强化磁铁矿吸附水体中铅镉的实验研究

磁铁矿是一种绿色廉价的矿物材料,对水体中重金属离子具有良好的吸附性,但吸附容量低,选择性差,易团聚,通过改性可以克服该缺点并提高其吸附性能。本文以腐植酸为改性剂,采用常温水相反应制备了腐植酸改性磁铁矿吸附材料。通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征研究其表面形貌和微观结构。采用静态平衡实验考察了pH、吸附时间等因素对铅、镉吸附性能的影响,探讨了吸附动力学规律,拟合了吸附等温线。结果表明:腐植酸上的羧基、羟基被成功地接枝到了磁铁矿表面。在室温下,溶液初始pH对Pb~(2+)的吸附率几乎无影响,对Cd~(2+)的影响较大,当pH=7时,Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附率均达到了95%。对初始质量浓度为10mg/L的Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)最佳吸附平衡时间为360min,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程。吸附等温线实验得到的竞争吸附顺序为Pb~(2+)Cd~(2+),由Langmuir等温吸附模型得到Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)饱和吸附容量分别为39.27mg/g、28.95mg/g,显著大于磁铁矿的饱和吸附容量,表明磁铁矿经腐植酸改性后增强了对水中铅镉的吸附能力。     

基质吸力对非饱和离子型稀土抗剪强度的影响

掌握基质吸力对非饱和离子型稀土抗剪强度的影响,对于认清水对矿体强度的弱化作用具有重要意义。现场测试了矿体的土?水特征曲线和抗剪强度,由此得到基质吸力对矿体抗剪强度的影响特性,即随着基质吸力的增大,矿体的内摩擦角略有增大,黏聚力大幅增大。同时,根据进气值所代表的物理意义进行分析可知,当基质吸力小于进气值时,基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献速率可看成一稳定值;当基质吸力大于进气值时,基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献速率逐渐减小。由此,以进气值为分界点,提出非饱和强度改进模型,通过改进模型计算得到的抗剪强度贡献值与现场实测值的误差绝对值基本在15%以内,且优于其他模型预测结果,表明本文的非饱和强度改进模型是有效的。