江西沟1号风成剖面地球化学元素特征及古环境意义

通过对江西沟风成沉积剖面的地球化学分析,并结合OSL年代、粒度和磁化率数据,探讨了末次冰消期以来青海湖南岸气候的演变。剖面常量元素氧化物含量呈SiO_2Al_2O_3CaOFe_2O_3MgOK_2ONa_2O变化特征,常量元素氧化物及化学元素综合参数与地层有较好的对应性。不同的环境指标对气候变化的敏感性不同,总体上看,地球化学元素的敏感性高,全新世以来粒度和磁化率的变幅较小,即使在全新世大暖期,其值变化都很小。地球化学元素记录所反映的气候变化过程如下。Ⅰ.末次冰消期~12 ka BP,13.2 ka BP前总体上呈相对温暖状态,可能受B/A暖期的影响,13.2~12 ka BP气候不断向干冷方向发展,寒冷程度不断加剧并在12 ka BP达到最强,可能反映出12 ka BP左右的新仙女木事件;Ⅱ.12~9 ka BP,气候呈波动回升状态,暖湿程度呈增加趋势,表现出温凉的气候变化特征;Ⅲ.9~4.5 ka BP,气候温暖湿润,与全新世大暖期相对应,该阶段水热组合达到最佳,但存在阶段性的变化;Ⅳ.4.5~2 ka BP,气候总体向冷干方向转变,3 ka BP前变化幅度较小,气候较温暖湿润,3~2 ka BP气候凉偏干。     

Environmental impacts of ground vibration induced by blasting at different rock units on the Kadikoy–Kartal metro tunnel

This paper presents the results of ground vibration analysis induced by blasting during the construction of the Istanbul Kadıköy–Kartal metro tunnel. Different rock formations in this tunnel route were encountered during the excavation with blasting. As a first stage, the test site is divided into 6 main regions with respect to lithology changes in the rock units and Hoek's Geological Strength Index value of these rock units. During the excavation, a total of 659 events were recorded in 260 shots by vibration monitors. Scaled distance and peak particle velocity data pairs belonging to these shots were carefully recorded and analyzed statistically. As a result of this analysis, empirical relationships between scaled distance and peak particle velocity were established with higher correlation coefficients specific to each region. Finally, the particle velocities and frequency values of all blast events were evaluated according to Turkish Environmental Regulation, the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) and the German DIN 4150 Norms in order to predict the influence level to the neighboring buildings and structures.     

Fluorine speciation in topsoils of three active volcanoes of Sicily (Italy)

Fluorine is one of the many environmental harmful elements released by volcanic activity. The content of total oxalate-extractable and water-extractable fluorine was determined in 96 topsoils of three active volcanic systems of southern Italy (Mt Etna, Stromboli and Vulcano). Total fluorine (F) content (F _TOT) ranges from 112 to 7,430 mg kg⁻¹, F extracted with oxalate (F _OX) ranges from 16 to 2,320 mg kg⁻¹ (2–93% of F _TOT) and F extracted with distilled water ( ) ranges from 1.7 to 159 mg kg⁻¹ (0.2–40 % of F _TOT). Fluorine in the sampled topsoils derives both from the weathering of volcanic rocks and ashes and from the enhanced deposition due to volcanic gas emissions either from open-conduit passive degassing (Mt Etna and Stromboli) or from a fumarolic field (Vulcano). Fluorine accumulation in the studied soils does not generally present particular environmental issues except for a few anomalous sites at Vulcano, where measured contents could be dangerous both for vegetation and for grazing animals.     

Nebkha development and its relationship to environmental change in the Alaxa Plateau,China

Extensive nebkha areas develop mainly under the control of aeolian processes, and their sediments record information on regional environmental changes during different periods. Such areas have developed on the dry riverbeds and deserted arable lands of China’s Alaxa Plateau, Taklimakan, and Kumutage deserts. In this paper, we studied nebkhas that had developed in the Heicheng–Juyan region to determine their CaCO₃ contents, particle size distributions, and creation dates. Extensive human activities have occurred in this region since at least in the late Tang Dynasty (618–907 ad). Although historical records show that most of the region’s rivers dried up around 1372, surface water persisted in some areas until the early Qing Dynasty (1644–1911 ad). After the 1600s, extensive nebkhas began to develop due to drying of the region’s rivers. The early stages of nebkha development were controlled by both the sediment supply and the regional wind regime, whereas late stages were controlled primarily by variations in wind activity. In the Alaxa Plateau, it took about 100 years for arable lands and riverbeds to evolve into gobi deserts, and during this time, several phases occurred with different levels of wind activity. The land degradation processes in this region are mainly controlled by surface water resources, and the impact of human activities such as reclamation on land degradation appear to have been overestimated in previous studies.     

A preventative approach to mitigating CW interference in GPS receivers

In the global positioning system (GPS), code division multiple access (CDMA) signals are used. Because of the known spectral characteristics of the CDMA signal, continuous wave (CW) interference has a predictable effect on the different pseudo random noise (PRN) spreading codes (unique to each satellite) depending on the Doppler frequency of the signal. The Doppler frequency for each signal is also predictable once the receiver position is known. As different satellite signals have different Doppler frequencies, the effect on the signal quality is also different. In this paper first the effect is studied analytically. The concept of an “exclusion zone” is defined and analyzed for each satellite. This exclusion zone, where that satellite should not be used due to interference degradation, is shown to be predictable for each satellite as a function of time. Using this prediction, the CW interference effect on the positioning quality of the receiver can be mitigated by ignoring the affected satellites within exclusion zones when performing position evaluation. The threshold beyond which a satellite should be excluded is then derived by studying the mutual effects of the geometry and the signal quality of that satellite on the positioning quality. Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) uses redundancy in measurements to perform an internal consistency check to see if all of the measurements are satisfactory. In this paper this technique is also used to mitigate the effect of CW interference on the positioning accuracy. Finally it is shown that the prediction of the exclusion zone for each satellite outperforms the RAIM algorithm in mitigation the effect of the interference when 5 satellites are visible. An erratum to this article can be found at     

地球物理方法在环境污染监测及治理方面的应用

环境污染主要是大气污染、水体污染、土壤污染、固体废弃物污染、放射性污染和电磁污染等,环境污染严重影响了人类的生存环境。环境地球物理学是环境科学与地球物理学相融合而发展起来的一门交叉性边缘学科,其在环境污染的监测和治理方面应用广泛。随着环境地球物理技术的不断提高以及环境恶化程度的不断加剧,环境地球物理方法在环境污染监测和治理中的应用前景更加广阔,已成为解决环境污染不可缺少的重要手段。     

天气雷达径向噪声估算及性能测试

雷达天线从外部各种资源中截获热辐射,噪声会随着时间以及天线的不同仰角和方位角位置而变化。传统的天气雷达噪声功率估计方法不能解释噪声在方位上的变化。本文介绍了天气雷达噪声功率估计的研究现状及基于径向的噪声功率估计算法(Radial-Based Noise power Estimation,RBNE),通过仿真实验详细描述了RBNE算法的基本步骤,并利用S波段天气雷达的实测数据对RBNE算法的性能进行了测试。结果表明RBNE算法可以实时地在每个天线位置相对较为准确地估计噪声功率,有利于消除某些类型的径向干扰,有助于提高天气雷达的数据质量。     

新一代天气雷达地物回波及电磁干扰质控算法业务试运行评估

对雷达基数据质控方法的定量评估是业务应用推广的重要步骤。本文针对中国气象科学研究院研发的地物回波及电磁干扰回波质控算法在"新一代天气雷达建设业务软件系统开发及应用(ROSE)"系统中的业务试应用,使用2014年4—10月系统试运行的10个雷达站的数据,提出了评估方法及评估指标。利用统计和典型个例分析方法对算法进行了初步业务试运行的效果评估,验证了算法的可靠性,提出了适用范围及改进措施。结果表明:该方法对地物回波的识别成功率为92.29%,但存在漏判和误判。参与评估的CB雷达径向速度资料质量高,识别效果好;SA和SB雷达的识别效果受到了观测模式等导致径向速度资料质量变差的影响。电磁干扰回波的识别成功率为94.39%,能有效识别小于5个径向的窄条幅状干扰回波,但仍需改进算法完成对麻点状、螺旋状和大面积径向干扰回波的自动识别。对雷达资料的定量应用,需采取质控,而预报员的实时观测可根据情况进行选择性质控。     

Values towards waterways in south east Queensland: Why people care

The management of waterways, including marine parks, typically centres on assessment of biophysical phenomena, whilst social dimensions are relatively neglected. The diverse ways people interact with and relate to aquatic environments are consequently overlooked in planning and management. This misses opportunities as people's decisions and actions have direct and indirect impacts on how natural systems function. Effective management requires appreciation of how people interact with these environments in order to tailor, and build public support for, management plans and ensure compliance. This qualitative study, using 30 semi-structured interviews, explores people's values towards Moreton Bay Marine Park and its tributary rivers in south east Queensland, Australia. The values offer a powerful means to understand the different ways people relate to these waters. The study found that these waterway environments provide people with a diversity of rich and meaningful experiences, and that individuals hold several values each; they are not discrete. Some types of value frequently occur together. These clusters of values suggest new ways of working with the public to achieve management goals of protecting and improving waterway environments.