西宁市大气环境风险模拟研究

利用中尺度气象模式模拟了特殊地形下的气象变化特征,通过CALPUFF模拟了大气环境风险事件的精细化扩散特征。结果表明：西宁市地面风特征与河谷地形走向基本一致,典型风场表现为湟水河谷盛行西北和东南风,北川河谷则多为偏北风。由于青藏高原昼间强烈的山坡辐射增热和致使低空出现逆温层频率高,强度大,不利于污染物在垂直方向的扩散,河谷剖面模拟温度场的结果显示等高度山坡附近比河谷中心的温度大约高1.5℃。CALPUFF烟团轨迹模式能较好地应用于西宁市大气环境风险事件的模拟研究,模拟结果能清楚描绘出污染物沿河谷输送与扩散的初始状况和细致分布,同时在复杂地形和气象条件影响下出现山体对烟团的阻碍效应、烟团因流场在山脊处出现形变以及山谷风环流影响等非定常扩散现象,扩散轨迹符合复杂地形和气象条件影响的特征和规律,模拟结果对准确预估大气环境风险事件在复杂地形和气象条件下城市中的扩散特征、影响范围和程度具有重要意义。     

近8000年来太湖北部钻孔沉积记录的环境演变

通过对太湖北部TH-004钻孔沉积物磁化率、粒度、色度指标的测试分析,反演区域8 000年来沉积环境演变,主要表现为8～7kaBP的温暖湿润阶段,7kaBP以来环境的变冷变干,以及2.6kaBP左右的温度湿度回升。但该变化过程更主要表现为温度的快速冷暖旋回,有效湿度的变化并没有温度变化明显,这可能是由于季风降水变化主要表现在季风影响区的边缘地带,而太湖处于季风区内部,无论东亚夏季风增强或减弱,其有效湿度都不会产生明显变化。在此期间有明显的小尺度突变气候事件,特别是中世纪暖期及小冰期气候寒冷事件,在该项研究中都有很好的体现。     

The changing environment of fisheries policy in Europe

This paper presents how environmental concerns emanating outside the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) are increasingly setting the stage for EU fisheries management. This is illustrated via what is termed the exogenous entrance of environmental concerns through the implementation of directives in EU policy. More endogenous entrance of environmental concerns occurs via stakeholder participation in Regional Advisory Councils (RACs) as well as market mechanisms, such as ecolabelling and traceability. This study discusses how these latter channels of environmental concern may have become a more potent and efficient way of reaching environmental goals, outside of the primacy of the CFP.     

Effect of Sample Digestion,Air Filter Contamination,and Post‐adsorption on the Analysis of Trace Elements in Air Particulate Matter

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma MS are the major analytical tools for trace elements in environmental matrices, however, the underestimate of certain trace elements in analysis of air particulate matter by these two techniques has long been observed. This has been attributed to incomplete sample digestion. Here, we demonstrate that the combined effects of sample digestion, air filter impurities, and post‐adsorption of the analytes contribute to the interference of the analysis. Particular attention should be paid to post‐adsorption of analytes onto air filters after acid digestion.     

广东省经济发展与滨海环境污染的关系

以环境库兹涅茨理论为基础,通过对广东省1991―2011年的经济发展与废水排放相关数据进行分析,建立了广东省经济增长与废水排放的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）计量模型。结果表明：1）广东省废水排放总量、生活污水排放量与GDP之间存在较明显的库兹涅兹曲线关系。2）工业废水排放量与GDP之间出现了脱钩效应,工业生产对资源环境压力逐步降低。3）生活污水排放量增长却相对较快,逐渐成为废水排放的主体,致使滨海水体中无机氮与磷酸盐的含量呈现出逐年递增的趋势,滨海地区水质富营养化日趋严重,赤潮发生的频率逐渐增多,直接威胁到滨海地区水体功能的正常发挥。4）从渔获率的年际变化来看：近年来广东省滨海水域生物多样性有所恢复,但形势仍不容乐观。尽管EKC理论表明经济增长最终会改善环境质量,但这是有前提条件的。广东省必须在发展经济的同时,制定合理的经济发展与环境保护政策,建立滨海生态环境保护区,实现区域经济与环境的和谐发展。     

A roughness-corrected index of relative bed stability for regional stream surveys

Quantitative regional assessments of streambed sedimentation and its likely causes are hampered because field investigations typically lack the requisite sample size, measurements, or precision for sound geomorphic and statistical interpretation. We adapted an index of relative bed stability (RBS) for data calculated from a national stream survey field protocol to enable general evaluation of bed stability and anthropogenic sedimentation in synoptic ecological surveys. RBS is the ratio of bed surface geometric mean particle diameter (D_gm) divided by estimated critical diameter (D_cbf) at bankfull flow, based on a modified Shield's criterion for incipient motion. Application of RBS to adequately depict bed stability in complex natural streams, however, has been limited because typical calculations of RBS do not explicitly account for reductions in bed shear stress that result from channel form roughness. We modified the index (RBS) to incorporate the reduction in bed shear stress available for sediment transport that results from the hydraulic resistance of large wood and longitudinal irregularities in channel dimensions (“form roughness”). Based on dimensional analysis, we derived an adjustment to bankfull shear stress by multiplying the bankfull hydraulic radius (R_bf) by the one-third power of the ratio of particle-derived resistance to total hydraulic resistance (C_p/C_t)^1/3, where both resistances are empirically based calculations. We computed C_p using a Keulegan equation relating resistance to relative submergence of bed particles. We then derived an empirical equation to predict reach-scale hydraulic resistance C_t from thalweg mean depth, thalweg mean residual depth, and large wood volume based on field dye transit studies, in which total hydraulic resistance C_t was measured over a wide range of natural stream channel complexity, including manipulation of large wood volumes. We tested our estimates of C_t and RBS by applying them to data from a summer low flow probability sample of 104 wadeable stream reaches in the Coastal Ecoregion of Oregon and Washington, USA. Stream discharges calculated using these C_t estimates compared favorably with velocity–area measurements of discharge during summer low flow, and with the range of 1 to 2-year recurrence floods (scaled by drainage area) at U.S.Geological Survey gauged sites in the same region. Log [RBS] ranged from − 4.2 to + 0.98 in the survey region. D_gm ranged from silt to boulders, while estimated bankfull critical diameter, D_cbf, ranged from very fine gravel to large boulders. The median value of D_cbf (adjusted for form roughness influences) averaged 40% (inter quartile range 28 to 59%) of the unadjusted estimate D_cbf. Log[RBS] was consistently negatively related to human disturbances likely to produce excess sediment inputs or hydrologic alteration. Log [RBS] ranged from − 1.9 to + 0.5 in the streams within the lower quartile of human disturbance in their basin and riparian areas and was substantially lower (− 4.2 to − 1.1) in streams within the upper quartile of human disturbance. The synoptic survey methods and designs we used appear adequate to evaluate regional patterns in bed stability and sedimentation and their general relationship to human disturbances. Although the RBS concept also shows promise for evaluating sediment and bed stability in individual streams, our approach is relatively coarse, so site-specific assessments using these rapid field methods might prudently be confined to identifying severe cases of sedimentation or channel alteration. Greater confidence to discern subtle differences in site-specific assessments could be gained by calculating RBS using more precise field measurements of channel slope, bed particle size and bankfull dimensions, and by refining our adjustments for energy loss from channel form roughness.     

Multiproxy evidence for the ‘Little Ice Age’ from Lake Hampträsk,Southern Finland

We studied a short sediment core from Lake Hampträsk, southern Finland, for evidence of the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) in aquatic invertebrate communities. Subfossil chironomids, cladocerans, and chydorid ephippia were investigated, together with detrended correspondence analyses (DCAs) and loss-on-ignition (LOI). Our results show two cooler periods. The first cooling, indicated by increased numbers of chydorid ephippia and cold-water chironomid taxa, occurred ca. 1400 AD and the second, more drastic cooling, during the seventeenth century, when cold-water chironomids began to increase. Our data suggest that the cooling culminated around 1700 AD, when cold-stenothermic chironomids and chydorid ephippia attained maximal values and the LOI and diversity of invertebrates decreased to minimal values. After the LIA, the aquatic fauna appeared to respond to rising trophic state caused by enhanced land use in the catchment.     

Human influence, plant landscape evolution and climate inferences from the archaeobotanical records of the Wadi Teshuinat area (Libyan Sahara)

Central Sahara rock shelters offer an early and middle Holocene environmental reconstruction. This paper summarises palynological research carried out within a multidisciplinary archaeological research project on the Wadi Teshuinat area (Tadrart Acacus Mts., in south-western Fezzan, Libya). The sites were occupied by hunter-gatherer and pastoralist cultures. On-site pollen data, treated as a single ‘regional site’, showed that different pollen stratigraphies and flora characterised the past phases. Plant macro-remains also helped to understand local plant exploitation and landscape evolution. Pollen spectra showed the following climate oscillations: wet and cool (approx. 8800–8250 cal. BC), dry and warm (approx. 7920–7520 cal. BC), wet (approx. 7550–7200 cal. BC), dry (approx. 6340–6210 cal. BC—geoarchaeological evidence), wet and warm (approx. 6250–4300 cal. BC, including a wetter and warmer phase at approx. 5500–4600 cal. BC); dry and warm (approx. 4250–2900 cal. BC); drier and warm (approx. 2900–1600 cal. BC, up to the present). Since the early Holocene, both climatic and anthropic factors have played an important and strictly interconnected role in transforming the environment. Thus, while subsistence strategies were adjusting to climatic and environmental changes, the plant landscape was also being slowly and continuously shaped by humans.