湖泊底泥环保疏浚决策研究进展与展望

环保疏浚的决策研究主要涉及"是否疏浚"、"疏浚多少"、"如何疏浚"、"能否疏浚"等问题,关系到工程是否立项、资金投入、工艺选择和疏浚效果等.本文首先简要回顾了50年来环保疏浚研究和发展历史,系统总结了国内外在针对湖泊富营养化、潜在生态风险以及湖泛污染控制方面开展环保疏浚的研究进展,分析了疏浚决策理念的差异和需要完善的问题.然后就疏浚工程量设计,分析了湖泊环保疏浚区域的选定和疏浚面积的确定方法和实例,围绕环保疏浚深度的确定,介绍和分析了视觉分层法、拐点法、背景值法、标准偏差倍数法、频度控制法、生态风险指数法、分层释放法和吸附解析法等方法及其优缺点.接着总结了应用不同工艺疏浚过程中产生的底泥扩散、泄漏和残留原因及影响方面的研究成果,提出了疏浚决策对疏浚工艺的选用要求.最后从重视疏浚后环境效果的过程回溯、悬浮态颗粒物影响以及实质性融入生态风险理念等方面,对湖泊环保疏浚决策的研究进行了展望.本文认为,湖泊的疏浚效果未达到预期多与忽视决策研究有关.决策上的主观性和任意性,不仅可能造成资金的浪费,还容易造成生态环境效益的损害.湖泊的环保疏浚不可能一劳永逸,也不是每个污染的湖泊都需要或可以采用疏浚方...     

青海湖湖东沙地全新世生物遗存及其环境意义

生物遗存作为反映气候变化的有效沉积记录,是重建古环境和古气候的重要指标。利用多种生物遗存在青海湖湖东沙地开展全新世气候变化研究,对理解青海湖盆地乃至青藏高原东北部地区的环境演变过程具有重要意义。本研究基于AMS ¹⁴C与光释光（OSL）年代结果,对湖东沙地东缘3个沉积剖面陈沟左（CGL）、三道滩（SDT）及水渠沟（SQG）中的生物遗存进行鉴定和分析,结合岩性、粒度、有机质等环境代用指标,明确了生物遗存的环境意义。在湖东沙地获得的生物遗存主要包括青海云杉（Picea crassifolia）残体、木炭及4种蜗牛化石。青海云杉残体指示湿润的气候,木炭反映总体湿润条件下相对干旱的环境;蜗牛化石的组合优势种为图克虹蛹螺相似种（Pupilla cf.turcmenica）和脆瓦娄蜗牛（Vallonia tenera）,指示冷干的气候。在此基础上将湖东沙地全新世气候及环境变化过程划分为5个阶段：9.6 ka B.P.以前,剖面中保留少量青海云杉残体及木炭,气候转暖但存在干湿波动;9.6~8.0 ka B.P.,青海云杉残体分布较丰富,气候总体暖湿,其中,8.4~8.0 ka B.P.,木炭集中分布并出现最高值、蜗牛化石优势种繁盛、气候相对干燥;8.0~4.0 ka B.P.,青海云杉残体集中分布,木炭与蜗牛化石优势种数量保持低值,气候暖湿,为全新世适宜期;4.0~2.3 ka B.P.,剖面中基本未保留青海云杉残体,蜗牛化石优势种数量增加,气候由暖湿向冷干转变;2.3 ka B.P.以来,剖面中未见青海云杉残体及木炭,蜗牛化石优势种数量保持高值,气候较为冷干。

     

模糊综合评价法在土壤环境质量评价中的应用实例

The soil environmental quality was evaluated by fuzzy comprehensive assessment method,which could decrease the gradual change and fuzz of soil environmental pollution.The soil environmental quality at five plots of sewage irrigation region in Fuxin was validated by fuzzy comprehensive assessment method.The results indicate that this assessment method is feasible.And the method can also detect the soil environmental grades scientifically.The effects of different pollution factors on soil environmental quality can be estimated,and the pollution grades can be divided and evaluated.The method can provide the base for soil environmental plan and pollution prevention and cure.     

临汾市树叶磁性的时空变化特征及其对大气重金属污染的指示

粉煤灰经工厂废气排放进入大气,对人类健康和生态系统都造成了无法弥补的破坏.本文选取具有高空间分辨率优势的树叶作为收集粉煤灰的载体,对临汾市大气中可吸入颗粒物进行磁学参数和重金属含量监测.结果表明,磁化率最大值出现在工厂污染源附近,磁化率空间分布呈现随污染源距离增加而降低的趋势.工业区收集到的磁性颗粒以低矫顽力、粗粒度的磁铁矿为主.夏季磁性矿物来源单一,主要为人为影响.冬季大气中悬浮的磁性颗粒有部分来自于西北风/北风的自然尘降.同一采样点磁化率随时间变化特征表明,树叶的磁学性质可以灵敏和有效地反映较短时期内大气污染的现状.统计分析表明磁化率和重金属元素(铁,铬,镍,铜,铅,钴)之间存在显著相关性.污染负荷指数用于评估研究区域内重金属各元素综合污染的程度.结果显示,在废弃的旧工业区附近无大气污染指示,但在运营中的工厂集中的地区,大气均受到严重污染.污染负荷指数与表征磁性矿物含量的磁化率呈相关性(r2=0.66),因此树叶的磁性参数可以作为大气重金属污染的替代指标.     

基于改进突变级数法的河北省养老地产开发适宜性评价与障碍因子诊断

目前我国已存在的养老地产项目多数处于亏损状态,运营存在众多问题。基于现有问题,从养老地产的开发选址角度出发,对城市在养老地产开发初期的适宜性进行评估。建立包括人口因子、生活舒适度、居民消费能力、房地产市场成熟度和服务业发展程度五个维度的养老地产开发适宜性评价指标体系,并收集了2012—2016年河北省11个地级市的指标数据,运用基于组合赋权法的改进突变级数模型对11个城市的养老地产开发适宜性进行了评价。同时利用改进的障碍因子诊断模型对影响各城市养老地产开发适宜性的主要障碍因子进行诊断。通过分析得出主要     

Changes over a decade in fish assemblages exposed to both environmental and fishing constraints in the Sine Saloum estuary (Senegal)

To investigate the changes in the fish assemblage of the Sine Saloum estuary (Senegal) over a 10-year period, it was surveyed during a complete hydrological cycle (three principal hydro-climatic seasons) first in 1992 and then in 2002–2003. The sampling protocol for the two surveys was identical, using the same sampling technique, the same collection periods, and the same sampling stations.     

Aggregate performance in managing marine ecosystems of 53 maritime countries

Fourteen indicators of marine living resource management performance by country, reflecting both their intention to sustainably use the resource within their Exclusive Economic Zones and the effectiveness of their policies, were developed and the performances of 53 maritime countries were assessed. Four rankings of the countries, which jointly account for over 95 percent of the world's marine fisheries landings, are presented here as aggregated scores of the fourteen indicators, using different schemes for weighting the indicators, each reflective of the management preferences identified by the Global Environment Outlook 4 (GEO4) future development scenarios: Market First; Policy First; Security First; and Sustainability First. The resulting rankings differed substantially between the weighting schemes for the top performing countries but less so for the countries performing poorly.     

Current and future use of indicators for ecosystem based fisheries management

Implementing ecosystem based fisheries management (EBFM) will require a suite of ecological indices to track the state of an ecosystem, in addition to monitoring species-abundance for both economically important species, as well as species that are not targeted for harvest. However, EBFM implementation requires an examination of current methods and applications of ecological indices that are being used. This paper identifies four key uses for ecosystem indices in the context of EBFM and discusses the implications of each: (1) motivation for socio-political action, (2) information for individual users to modify their behavior, (3) implementation of decision rules for management evaluation, and (4) discovery of ecosystem functions to advance scientific knowledge. In a fisheries management context, ecological indicators will be linked to decision rules based on the definitions of both “ecosystem overfishing” and the current single-species definitions of overfishing. Two components of common ecological indicators are species weightings (i.e. catch or abundance data by species) and the species-specific ecological attributes (e.g. mortality rates, body size, trophic level). We discuss statistical issues that arise from estimating the parameters in ecological index calculations from both fishery-dependent and independent data and the potential biases introduced by using catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data, catch data, and abundance estimates. Given the range of biases that arise, often the best estimates of species weightings (abundances) are those derived from fish stock assessments. This implies that progress in EBFM may be best served by increasing the number of species for which single-species assessments are done and to expand the list of species to include species which may not be economically important. The policy framework exists to carry out EBFM; however, future works needs to focus on empirical management strategy simulations, as well as theoretical works to identify management criteria based on those indicators.     

Transdisciplinary co-operation for an ecosystem approach to fisheries: A case study from the South African sardine fishery

Integrative approaches that involve natural and social scientists are needed to manage fisheries, but these are difficult to achieve. The process of developing a prototype, knowledge-based, electronic decision support tool for the South African sardine Sardinops sagax fishery provided a platform for fostering collaboration and achieving active participation of many stakeholders. The aim of the decision support tool is to assist managers in evaluating how effectively an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) has been implemented for this fishery. The collaborative process involved a series of meetings during which knowledge was elicited from fisheries scientists, social scientists, resource managers and fishing industry representatives. Conceptualisations of the different stakeholder perspectives were developed in terms of objectives and indicators following the hierarchical tree approach recommended by FAO. This paper describes the collaborative process. Hierarchies of objectives, indicators and data sets for the human dimension of an EAF in the South African sardine fishery are introduced. The value of a transdisciplinary approach towards an EAF in South Africa is discussed.     

Exploring fishing dependence in gulf coast communities

Two unrelated data sources (quantitative secondary data and qualitative primary data) and mixed methodologies (statistical analysis and ethnography) are used to define the concept of, and develop indicators for, fishing dependence. Techniques for integrating differing data sources are developed. Comparisons of the qualitative rankings with the quantitative rankings were, overall, positive and statistically significant. The process used thus confirmed that the indicators were reliable measures for fishing dependence. In terms of external validity and triangulation, the process used was more rigorous than using ethnography “after-the-fact” to ground-truth the quantitative indicators.