Early Stage Characteristics of Macro Engineering and Suggestions for the Taiwan Strait Tunnel Project

Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) is a Macro Engineering Project (MEP). Countries all over the world have accumulated much experience on MEPs. To study the early stage characteristics of MEPs would be significant for advancing the progress of TST project. This article summarizes some common characteristics in early stage of MEPs, such as Three Gorges, South-to-North Water Diversion, The Channel Tunnel, Confederation Bridge projects, and so on. Some suggestions on early stage development are given to TST project for reference.     

上海市工程地质层层序厘定及工程地质条件分析

本文在已完成的上海市三维工程地质结构调查项目基础上,简要总结了所取得的成果,主要包括工程地质层厘定的新认识、统一全市工程地质层、各工程地质层空间分布规律、工程地质问题及地面建筑工程建设适宜性评价等.     

双溪堆积体的成因及其主要工程地质特征

双溪堆积体是大宁河上游广泛发育的、钙质胶结的碎石土堆积体,其成因与大宁河流域新近系不同时期发育的崩塌、滑坡和泥石流有密切的关系。在大宁河沿岸的双溪、中坝、神基坪一带,志留系泥岩粉砂岩等易风化软弱碎屑岩构成斜坡下部相对较缓的部位,二叠系或三叠系相对坚硬的灰岩则形成斜坡上部高陡的崖坡,坡脚则广泛分布着这种钙质胶结的双溪堆积体。     

人工增雨研究和作业的进展以及提高科学化的可行途径——“人工增雨研究专辑”前言

我国人工增雨研究有很好的成果,有大规模作业的丰富经验,近年来又有很大进步。"人工增雨研究专辑"选登其中一些具有普遍意义的成果和经验,以及未来近期内可以再进一步提高的一些思考和建议。作者试图先对这些经验和问题进行归纳概述和分析讨论。大体上说,这些成功的研究成果和作业经验有:选择有利于增雨的历史天气—气候背景条件、临近作业时对作业云的判断、机理的数值模拟、凝结核和雨滴及它们的谱分布规律和新催化剂的研制等。未来近期内应该做、而且可以有结果的使作业进一步科学化的工作,除结合经验介绍而指出的一些外,关键是:1)尽量做到观测—预报—作业—效果检验一体化;直接面对增雨作业效果本身进行检验,这样才能使作业和效果检验科学化。为此应用控制论的观点和方法(尤其是工程控制论和自然控制论)是可行的。2)要开展暖性对流云催化作业的研究。3)一定要对已有的工作经验进行系统总结,并一定要将研究工作和作业实践密切结合起来。4)一定要气象和水利部门协调起来,才能充分有效地解决四度空间的水资源利用问题。此外,还涉及其他一些人工影响天气的问题,如防雹、消雾等。     

基质吸力对非饱和离子型稀土抗剪强度的影响

掌握基质吸力对非饱和离子型稀土抗剪强度的影响,对于认清水对矿体强度的弱化作用具有重要意义。现场测试了矿体的土?水特征曲线和抗剪强度,由此得到基质吸力对矿体抗剪强度的影响特性,即随着基质吸力的增大,矿体的内摩擦角略有增大,黏聚力大幅增大。同时,根据进气值所代表的物理意义进行分析可知,当基质吸力小于进气值时,基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献速率可看成一稳定值;当基质吸力大于进气值时,基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献速率逐渐减小。由此,以进气值为分界点,提出非饱和强度改进模型,通过改进模型计算得到的抗剪强度贡献值与现场实测值的误差绝对值基本在15%以内,且优于其他模型预测结果,表明本文的非饱和强度改进模型是有效的。     

现场试坑浸水试验在湿陷性黄土地区地铁工程中的应用

大厚度湿陷性黄土地基处理是黄土地区地铁建设中所面临的主要技术难题,采用传统的室内试验评价湿陷性的方法具有一定的局限性。本文采用数值模拟方法分析了地铁工程基底湿陷性黄土应力特征,在此基础上,通过现场试坑浸水试验,准确判定了黄土场地湿陷类型及自重湿陷下限深度,研究了大厚度湿陷性黄土场地浸水过程中的自重湿陷变形特征、水分场的时空运移、土压力(竖向及侧向)、侧向位移的变化规律,查明了浸水影响范围及地面裂缝影响范围,确定了自重湿陷的地区土质修正系数β0,为湿陷性黄土地区地铁工程的地基处理提供依据。     

Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18

In terms of controlling groundwater in deep foundation pit projects, the usual methods include increasing the curtain depth, reducing the amount of pumped groundwater, and implementing integrated control, in order to reduce the drawdown and land subsidence outside pits. In dewatering design for confined water, factors including drawdown requirements, the thickness of aquifers, the depth of dewatering wells and the depth of cutoff curtains have to be considered comprehensively and numerical simulations are generally conducted for calculation and analysis. Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18 is taken as the case study subject in this paper, a groundwater seepage model is developed according to the on-site engineering geological conditions and hydrogeological conditions, the excavation depth of the foundation pit as well as the design depth of the enclosure, hydrogeological parameters are determined via the pumping test, and the foundation pit dewatering is simulated by means of the three-dimensional finite difference method, which produces numerical results that consistent with real monitoring data as to the groundwater table. Besides, the drawdown and the land subsidence both inside and outside the pit caused by foundation pit dewatering are calculated and analyzed for various curtain depths. This study reveals that the drawdown and the land subsidence change faster near the curtain with the increase in the curtain depth, and the gradient of drawdown and land subsidence changes dwindles beyond certain depths. In this project, the curtain depth of 47/49 m is adopted, and a drawdown-land subsidence verification test is completed given hanging curtains before the excavation. The result turns out that the real measurements basically match the calculation results from the numerical simulation, and by increasing the depth of curtains, the land subsidence resulting from dewatering is effectively controlled.     

Influencing factors and evaluation application of regional crustal stability in the Bohai Strait

Due to the extremely complex geological conditions in the Bohai Strait, active faults is very developed and earthquake activity occurs frequently. It is of great importance to evaluate the regional crustal stability for the planning and construction of the Trans-straits Passage. In this study, the authors carry out the evaluation by means of buffer analysis, topology analysis and overlay analysis based on ArcGIS software. The evaluation mainly analyzed six assessment factors of Bohai Strait including neotectonic activity, active faults distribution, seismicity, tectonic stress fields, Bouguer gravity anomaly and geological disasters. In brief, the crustal stability of the eastern North Yellow Sea Basin is best, while that of the Bohai Basin and southwest Bohai Strait is poor. Meanwhile, small and frequent earthquakes in the southern Strait and geological disasters developed in the northern and central Strait such as tidal ridge and shallow gas which may adversely impact on the Trans-straits Passage construction.     

关于地质工程设计中突破口预测方法的研究

理论研究及工程实践都已表明, 地质工程的破坏往往是从某些特定的部位开始逐渐发展起来的。据此而提出的优先监测突破口和重点加固突破口这两个设计原则, 已被成功地应用于一些地质工程并被证明具有重要实用价值。所以, 对于一个具体地质工程来说, 如何确定该工程可能出现的突破口的部位, 便成为工程设计的重要步骤之一。本文拟从突破观点出发, 讨论确定突破口的几种主要方法。最后作者还将结合五强溪水电站左岸船闸边坡工程的实际应用进一步加以说明。     

桑掌沟煤矿采空区工程地质综合勘察及对公路路基影响的初步评价

通过对桑掌沟村办煤矿采空区进行的地质采矿调查、地球物理探测和钻探等勘察工作，查明了该矿采空区的地质与工程地质特征、采空区的分布范围及塌陷冒落特征等，依据这些综合勘察结果，认为路基下伏的采空区将会使地表继续变形，影响高速公路路基路面的正常使用和维修。建议在路面基底层下部加铺一层土工织物或用稀少注浆孔内注浆来加固地基，如能充填采空区则可彻底解决地表变形问题。