A study of energy,generation and conversion over North America

The energy conversion between potential and kinetic energy and the generation of available potential energy are computed over North America. The relative contribution from each latitude belt within the region, for each field, have been discussed.     

Rayleigh wave group velocity in a spherically symmetric gravitating earth model

Expressions for kinetic energy, elastic potential energy and gravitational potential energy for the spheroidal oscillations of a spherically symmetric, self-gravitating, elastic earth model have been obtained. Some inconsistencies in the expressions given by earlier authors have been pointed out. The principle of equipartition of energy and the Rayleigh principle have been used to derive a formula for Rayleigh wave group velocity in terms of energy integrals. This formula can be used to compute the group velocity without the numerical differentiation implied in its definition     

流变介质中亚临界扩展前地震孕育过程的能量积累

本文用流变断裂力学研究了地震孕育过程.与弹性力学不同,它是一个不可逆的时空过程.由于介质的粘性,外力功的一部分花在粘性耗散上,只有弹性应变能是地震发生及震后过程可利用的能量.我们将弹性应变能从总能量中分离出来,并就标准线性体给出了简洁公式.以海城地震为例,计算了两个共线不等长断层在地震孕育过程中其周围区域的应力场和能量场的时空变化图象及应变能积累曲线.结果表明,应变能分布复杂,在时间和空间上都很不均匀,能量积累在孕震初期较快而在后期渐趋平缓.由此讨论了某些地震前兆,认为当能量增加速率较大时某些早期前兆可能出现,比如唐山地震10年前出现的某些异常可能就是这种早期前兆表现.     

天山季节性积雪的能量平衡研究和融雪速率模拟

本文采用能量平衡法模拟计算中国西部天山山地季节性积雪的融雪速率。结果表明:在融雪期,净辐射和感热通量分别占融雪能量输入的75.3%和22.6%;用于融雪和雪面蒸发所消耗的能量分别占吸收能量的95.1%和4.9%。用能量平衡法所计算的融雪速率和实测的雪面数据吻合的较好,表明用能量平衡法估算天山山地季节性积雪的融雪速率是可行的。     

Large-scale transport of a CO-enhanced air mass from Europe to the Middle East

On 14 November 1981, the shuttle-borne Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) experiment observed a carbon monoxide (CO) enhanced air mass in the middle troposphere over the Middle East. The primary source of this polluted air was estimated by constructing adiabatic isentropic trajectories backwards from the MAPS measurement location over a 36 h period. The isentropic diagnostics indicate that CO-enhanced air was transported southeastward over the Mediterranean from an organized synoptic-scale weather regime, albeit of moderate intensity, influencing central Europe on 12 November. Examination of the evolving synoptic scale vertical velocity and precipitation patterns during this period, in conjunction with METEOSAT visible, infrared, and water vapor imagery, suggests that the presence of this disturbed weather system over Europe may have created upward transport of CO-enhanced air between the boundary-layer and midtropospheric levels, and subsequent entrainment in the large-scale northwesterly jet stream flow over Europe and the Mediterranean.     

Major and minor stratospheric warmings and their interactions on the troposphere

Analyses of evolutions of the kinetic and thermal energy associated with the major and minor stratospheric warmings in the winters of 1976–77 and 1975–76 respectively indicate that the predominant ultra-long waves in the stratosphere oscillated at periods of 10–20 days, whereas in the troposphere the predominant long waves oscillated at periods of 8 to 12 days. These tropospheric long waves are almost out-of-phase with the stratospheric ultra-long waves for the minor warming, but in-phase for the major warming. The kinetic energy of the zonal mean flow in the stratosphere for the minor warming is much greater than that for the major warming, indicating that the occurrence of a major warming depends on the magnitude of the kinetic energy of the zonal mean flow relative to that of the meridional convergence of the poleward flux of sensible heat. In both the major and minor warmings, most of the stratospheric eddy kinetic energy is contained in waves of wavenumbers 1 and 2, whereas the stratospheric available potential energy is primarily contained in waves of wavenumber 1. The kinetic energy associated with waves of wavenumber 1 appeared to be 180° out-of-phase with those of wavenumber 2, indicating that nonlinear transfer of kinetic energy occurred between waves of wavenumbers 1 and 2. The occurrences of wind reversals were accompanied by decouplings of the stratospheric and tropospheric motions, and blockings in the troposphere.     

断层地震的尖角型突变模型

本文对直立走滑断层地震提出一个简单的力学模型,用尖角型（Cusp）的突变模型研究了地震过程的机制。从理论上阐明了围岩与断层带的刚度比和远场位移参数在地震过程中的重要作用,得到了地震时断层错距和能量释放值的简单公式。研究结果表明,岩石系统的稳定性首先取决于系统内部的刚度分布;其次在一定的外界条件下,系统才可能从稳定状态进入非稳定状态,而在外界扰动下失稳,于是从整体上深化了对断层地震过程的认识。     

二元系相图中的数学方法

本文介绍绘制二元系各类相图的数学方法。它是把确定相图中分溶曲线的问题,转化为通过确定平面动力系统来确定初值的一条轨线的问题。这样,可以用计算机来绘制二元系的相图。同时也为从相图来研究二端元的活度和活度系数提供了一个新的途径。     

基于时空车流灰度的城市交通热点分析

随着城市规模的扩张和汽车数量的增加,拥堵和雾霾等受交通影响的现象变得越来越严重,城市交通热点发现与分析是改善交通状况的关键技术之一。根据城市中典型浮动车(出租车)的时空轨迹数据,基于图像分析理论,提出城市交通热点的空间分布分析方法。首先,根据浮动车数据,形成车流轨迹的时空分布灰度图。其次,通过将浮动车的轨迹数据映射到高精度城市交通网格上,探索了轨迹数据和城市热点区域之间的关联关系。进一步地依据车流轨迹的时空分布,发现车流密度的极值。最后,结合影响区域的参数利用高斯曲面拟合对时空灰度图像进行了热点区域分析,获得城市交通热点的空间分布。将分析结果在地图上标定,准确地反映了城市交通热点区域的详细位置及空间分布,从而给出了一种有效、直观的城市交通热点分析方法。研究结果对于城市交通规划和交通实时信息发布具有实用价值。     

基于后向轨迹的秋冬季漯河重污染输送及典型个例分析

利用常规气象数据、颗粒物观测数据、全球大气同化系统GDAS数据、NCEP再分析资料、ERA5再分析资料等,结合数理统计、轨迹聚类、天气学分析等方法对2015—2019年秋冬季漯河重污染特征、污染输送及潜在源区分布进行分析,并通过一次典型重污染个例进行证明。结果表明:近5 a秋冬季漯河重污染过程发生频次高、持续时间长、污染程度重,AQI、PM_(2.5)变化趋势不明显,PM_(10)浓度下降趋势明显,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值逐年递增,以PM_(2.5)重污染为主。秋冬季漯河主要有6种气团输送路径,东北路、偏东路轨迹短、移速慢且高度低,近距离近地层污染输送特征明显,为重要重污染通道;西北路远距离下沉沉降输送和西南轨迹近距离输送下的AQI均值及重污染概率较低,对漯河重污染贡献不高。漯河潜在源区来源复杂、范围广、强度大,其污染潜在源主要分布在河南中东部、尤其是东北部,对应东北路径、偏东路径等气团轨迹。重污染时地面偏北风是其主导风,尤其是2—4 m·s^(-1)之间偏北到东北风最为显著。两次跨区域输送表明,北路或东北路近地层输送是AQI峰值维持发展的重要原因。