北京市可吸入颗粒物（PM10）中单颗粒的矿物组成特征

使用SEM／EDX对北京不同月份采集的可吸人颗粒物(PM10)中的1454个矿物颗粒进行了识别和统计。结果显示，矿物颗粒的种类十分复杂，可以鉴定出的矿物有38种，其中以粘土矿物的含量最高，年平均值为30．1％；粘土矿物中以伊利石／蒙皂石混层为主，占粘土矿物总数的35％；石英、方解石、复合颗粒、碳颗粒的年均值分别为13．5％、10．9％、11．95％、10．31％；年平均含量小于10％的矿物有石膏、长石、白云石等；首次检测出萤石、磷灰石、岩盐、重晶石、氯化锌等矿物。研究还发现，硫化现象可以发生在不同矿物颗粒表面，且这种现象主要发生在夏季，反映夏季大气化学反应较为活跃。     

国外电子探针铀-钍-铅定年方法及其在构造分析中的应用前景

对电子探针U-Th-Pb定年方法的基本原理、样品的制备和分析、年龄计算方法和误差分析进行了较系统的介绍,并对电子探针定年在构造分析中的应用前景作了展望.电子探针定年方法适用于经历了包括流体作用和重结晶作用变质事件的单一和复杂成因的独居石、锆石矿物,不仅是一个评价变质和变形时间的有效普查工具,而且它的原位性和高分辨能够用来制约构造变形和变质作用过程的绝对时间和速率,在构造分析中具有广阔的应用前景.     

广东省天堂铜铅锌多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

天堂矿床是粤西地区以泥盆系上统天子岭组灰岩为围岩的大型矽卡岩型铜铅锌多金属矿床,矿体呈似层状、层状、透镜状、不规则状等产出在矽卡岩和矽卡岩化大理岩中,矿区发育石榴子石、透辉石、绿帘石、硅灰石、绿泥石等蚀变矿物,金属矿物主要包括黄铜矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿等。本文以主要矽卡岩矿物为研究对象,利用电子探针技术对其矿物学特征进行研究。电子探针分析结果表明:天堂铜铅锌多金属矿床矽卡岩属于交代矽卡岩中典型的钙矽卡岩。石榴子石以钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石系列为主,从早到晚具有从钙铝榴石为主到钙铁榴石为主的演化趋势,说明成矿流体由酸性向碱性演化。辉石以透辉石为主,石榴子石和辉石的矿物组分分别为Adr4.60~96.47Grs2.10~94.28(Prp+Sps)0.41~3.88和Di88.51~95.09Hd3.31~9.76Jo0.28~3.98,其较大的成分变化特征反映出矽卡岩不是在一个完全封闭的平衡条件下形成的。帘石主要为绿帘石,含有少量的黝帘石。矿物成分分析表明辉石的Mn/Fe比值和矿化金属元素存在一定的联系。通过矽卡岩矿物学特征分析,进一步证实天堂铜铅锌多金属矿床是花岗岩类岩浆交代灰岩而形成的典型矽卡岩型矿床。     

东北冷涡中尺度云系降水机制研究 II: 数值模拟

在利用卫星、雷达和机载PMS(粒子测量系统)等观测资料对2003年7月8日东北冷涡积层混合云系的降水形成机制分析的基础上,将观测分析与数值模拟研究相结合,用中尺度数值模式对积层混合云系做数值模拟,并结合观测资料进一步分析了积层混合云系的微物理结构、粒子形成过程和降水形成机制,获得如下结果:(1)混合云中对流云具有分层的微物理结构.冰晶含水量最大值出现的高度最高,其次由高到低的排序是雪、云水、霰和雨;雨水主要出现在云的暖区;各种粒子中以雨水含水量最高,其次是霰.对流云体生命期较长,微物理结构基本稳定.(2)粒子形成增长过程有差异.冰晶通过凝华过程增长.雪主要来源于冰晶,产生后主要通过撞冻、收集冰晶和凝华过程增长,其中撞冻过冷云水增长对雪质量贡献最大,其产生率极大值高度与过冷云水相当.丰富的过冷云水,给雪的撞冻增长提供了有利条件.在高、中和低层雪的形成有着不同的机制,高层雪收集冰晶长大后,下落到低层又以雪撞冻过冷云水的结淞增长为主要过程.霰主要由雨滴冻结和雪的转化产生,过冷雨滴与冰晶接触冻结成霰;过冷雨滴收集雪,雪随着雨滴的冻结而转化成霰.因此霰的产生与过冷雨滴关系极大.霰主要撞冻云水、收集雪和冰晶增长,其中撞冻是霰的重要增长过程.雨水主要由霰的融化形成,降水主要是由冷云过程产生的.在过冷层,霰撞冻增长占优势.云上部的冰晶和雪对云的中部具有播撒作用,过冷层中存在丰富的过冷水,对冰相粒子的撞冻增长有利.对云水消耗的分析表明,雨滴对云滴的收集、霰和雪对云水的撞冻增长是消耗云水的主要过程.(3)从各种粒子的形成和增长过程可以看出,大部分雨水由霰融化形成,暖云过程贡献要小得多.可见,降水主要是由冷云过程产生的,这与观测分析的结果一致.     

On equilibrium profiles of suspended particles

A power law is often used to represent the vertical profile of uniform suspended particles above a horizontally homogeneous surface. It serves as an analytical solution representing an equilibrium between vertical turbulent diffusion and gravitational settling, andcan be used to extract settling velocity information from observed particle number density profiles. In this note, we analyse this situation and use a numerical model to investigate the temporal change of particle number density and of the net vertical flux due to turbulent diffusion and gravitational settling. The results show that the net flux approaches zero very slowly for small particles (w_s/ u_* < 1), and show that the power law does not hold for small particles. If the power law is used to extract settling velocities from observed vertical distributions of particle number density in these cases, the estimated settling velocity may be unrealistically large.     

Radon daughter disequilibria in the lower marine boundary layer

Radon daughters are produced as free ions, but they become attached to aerosol particles at a rate depending on the particle concentration. In the lower marine boundary layer, most of those which do not become attached plate out on the ocean surface. In this paper a simple model is used to examine the influence of several parameters on radon/radon daughter disequilibria in maritime air. The model is compared with experimental data from Cape Grim.The radon daughter to radon ratio, f, decreases from 0.86 to 0.1 as the particle concentration falls from 1000 to 10 cm^-3. Estimates of radon concentration at sea level, based on daughter measurements may therefore be in error by as much as a factor of 10 unless allowance is made for particle concentration. At 100 cm^-3, the standard deviation of the distribution of measured f values is about 30%, indicating that the particle concentration is not the only factor influencing the loss of radon daughters. The implication is that radon daughters can be used to measure radon concentrations at sea level with an accuracy of about 30%, provided the particle concentration is known.The measurements show that there is a very low proportion of unattached daughers in the air between about 30 and 165 m above sea level. According to the model, this implies that mixing of air up to about 200 m is usually rapid enough to result in plate-out of radon daughters on the ocean on a time scale of less than 100 s.     

Small-particle concentration fluctuations at a coastal site

Aerosol size spectra (d=10 nm–10 μm) were measured with an electrical aerosol spectrometer (EAS) at Mace Head on the west coast of Ireland. Several small aerosol particle (diameter 10–32 nm) concentration bursts were observed during the measurement period. Relationships between the events, air mass trajectories, tide height, and meteorological parameters are examined. Series of bursts were observed when a spectral transformation due to subsequent particle growth from 10 to 56–100 nm can be identified in an Eulerian experiment. Particle growth rates of between 1 and 3 nm/h were determined. These bursts appear in cold and comparatively clean arctic or polar air masses with temperature and relative humidity fluctuations, and do not correlate with low tide in some cases. These episodes, similar to those frequently found in the continental boundary layer, are thought to occur over a wide area and, for clear detection, require stable airflow for a few days. Elevated small-particle concentration events are more common during low tide or shortly after, and are typically associated with low wind speeds. Here, the increased shore exposure during low tide is thought to influence the nucleation and the subsequent growth of these aerosol particles. The occurrences of the bursts are found to depend on local wind direction. The highest d=10–32 nm particle concentrations appeared for wind sectors furthest from the tidal regions when the wind direction was 150–160°(south-easterly). Most of the events occurred during daytime when solar irradiation is most intense.     

南海夏季风撤退期的气候特征I——40年平均

近年来广州地区的气溶胶污染日趋严重,灰霾天气主要出现在10月～次年4月。大气灰霾导致能见度恶化。自1980年代初开始,该地区的能见度急剧恶化,灰霾天气显著增加,其中有3次大的波动,分别代表广州地区经济发展相伴随的粉尘污染、硫酸盐加粉尘污染、光化学过程的细粒子加硫酸盐加粉尘的复合污染时期。雾和轻雾造成的低能见度的长期变化趋势,没有由于人类活动影响或经济发展影响带来的趋势性变化,其波动主要反映了气候波动固有的年际和年代际变化。广州地区能见度的恶化主要与细粒子有关,PM10有一半季均值超过国家二级标准的日均值浓度限值,而PM2.5季均值全部超过美国国家标准的日均值浓度限值,细粒子浓度甚高。另外PM2.5占PM10的比重非常高,可达62%～69%,尤其是旱季比雨季更高。     

中国西北沙尘源区与日本沉降区大气气溶胶粒子理化特征及对比

无论有无沙尘暴,低层大气气溶胶粒子浓度几乎不随高度变化。在沙尘源区,大气气溶胶粒子主要来源于地面沙尘,沙尘暴发生时气溶胶粒子的浓度大增,浓度峰值向粗粒径范围移动;在沙尘沉降区日本,当浮尘期时气溶胶粒子有地面沙尘和工业排放物两个来源,形成双峰型分布,当非浮尘期时气溶胶粒子主要是工业排放物来源,在<2.1μm细粒径范围形成一个峰值。水溶性成分也不相同,沙尘源区粒子以Ca2+、SO2-4、Na+、Cl-等沙尘来源离子为主,在3 3～4 7μm形成浓度峰值;沙尘沉降区以NH+4、NO-3等工业来源离子为主,在<2 1μm形成峰4、SO2-值。沙尘源区气溶胶粒子水不溶相都表现出K、Na元素亏损的特征,说明其气溶胶粒子是上部陆壳经过K、Na大陆化学风化的产物。     

白杨河超大型铍(铀)矿床中蓝柱石(BeAlSiO4(OH))的矿物特征与地质意义

蓝柱石作为一种较为罕见的含铍矿物,通常产在过铝-准铝性的岩浆-热液演化系统中,或发育于富铝质岩石的低级变质过程中。本文通过偏光显微镜、电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、激光拉曼光谱和红外光谱等多种手段方法,在白杨河超大型铍(铀)矿床首次发现了除羟硅铍石以外的另一种含铍矿物-蓝柱石。系统的矿物学研究表明蓝柱石应由花岗斑岩岩浆分异的岩浆热液直接沉淀而成,且形成于富F环境中。结合前人关于矿床地质特征、成矿年代学和地球化学等方面的研究,认为白杨河矿床中的铍矿化应是花岗斑岩深部岩浆房分异的岩浆热液,在不断演化过程中形成的,而与后期流体(包括幔源流体和大气降水)的淋滤作用无关或关系很小。