西藏铁格隆南超大型铜(金)矿床白云母矿物学特征及地质意义

铁格隆南矿床产出了西藏班公湖- 怒江成矿带多龙矿集区最大的斑岩- 高硫型铜(金银)成矿系统。由于高硫型矿化与蚀变对斑岩型矿化和蚀变的广泛叠加,导致其成矿系统结构和成矿作用机制变得十分复杂,一定程度阻碍了其精细成矿模型的构建。本文基于铁格隆南矿床现有的勘查和研究成果,从矿物学的角度,以白云母为典型蚀变矿物,通过详细的镜下鉴定、扫描电镜和电子探针分析,详细揭示不同空间位置、不同产状白云母的矿物学特征和成因,探究其对铁格隆南矿床成矿机制的指示意义。结果显示,铁格隆南矿床的热液白云母主要由白云母端元、伊利石端元、绿鳞石端元以及少量钠云母端元组成。矿体中白云母与铜矿物具有成因联系。在深部的早期水岩反应中,白云母主要与黄铜矿伴生,热液蚀变斑岩形成的白云母呈现高Si低Al的特征,而热液蚀变砂岩呈高Al低Si的特征。随着流体向浅部继续运移,白云母共生的金属矿化转换为斑铜矿和铜蓝,多形成高Al低Si的白云母。相对于在侵入岩中产出的白云母,在砂岩中形成的白云母的FeT、Fe3+、Na+含量更高。侵入岩中形成富Fe2+白云母,指示热液还原性较强。此外,在黄铁绢英岩化带较中—浅部产出的白云母常与较多高岭石和铜蓝、斑铜矿伴生,指示了热液中的SO2发生聚集、温度降低、酸性增强并导致水岩反应增强和矿质沉淀的过程。综上,白云母与不同矿物组合及其地球化学特征,对成矿流体环境及勘查评价有良好的指示意义。     

Deformation Field around the Stress Induced Crack Area in Sandstone by the Digital Speckle Correlation Method

Abstract: The deformation field around sub-cracks was calculated using the digital speckle correlation method. First, the uni-axial compression tests on sandstone samples containing a pre-fabricated fracture were made. Photomicrographs showing the characteristics of the sub-crack development were taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). From these photomicrographs, the real-time images showing the initiation, growth and coalescence of sub-cracks and micro-cracks in the sandstone specimens were obtained and the effects of loading level as well as grain boundaries on the development of cracks were analyzed. Second, the intensity images of the sandstone specimen surface were captured from the observations of the SEM corresponding to different loading levels. Then correlation computation was carried out for the sequential pairs of intensity images to evaluate the displacement components, as well as the strain field. The results show that the deformation varies in different areas separated by sub-cracks during rock damage processes.     

柴东北缘上古生界砂砾岩碎屑组分特征及其物源构造属性

基于柴东北缘德令哈地区上古生界126件碎屑岩样品的镜下鉴定, 结合对牦牛山组、城墙沟组、怀头他拉组、克鲁克组及扎布萨尕秀组砂砾岩岩石学特征、沉积特征的野外调查, 研究柴达木东北部地区晚古生代碎屑岩物源区, 并在此基础上进一步讨论该地区晚古生代盆山格局。研究结果表明, 柴东北缘德令哈地区晚古生代主要发育扇三角洲-障壁海岸沉积体系, 砂砾岩碎屑颗粒结构成熟度较低, 重力流证据普遍存在; 各层段砂砾岩碎屑颗粒中Q/(R+F)值在1.89~3.74之间, 呈现低成分成熟度特点。碎屑颗粒组成及近物源沉积证据一致表明, 研究区晚古生代以鱼卡-沙柳河加里东期造山带为主要物源区。该造山带至少存在了195 Ma, 包括距今465~430 Ma的山体隆升与距今430~270 Ma的山体剥蚀阶段。柴达木海盆与德令哈海盆是两个独立的海盆, 发育展布方向完全相反的沉积体系。同时, 德令哈地区上古生界含油气系统勘探应将鱼卡河-沙柳河高压-超高压变质带视为勘探边界。      

Erosion of bentonite particles at the interface of a compacted bentonite and a fractured granite

Compacted bentonite has been considered as a candidate buffer material in the underground repository for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. An erosion of bentonite particles caused by a groundwater flow at the interface of a compacted bentonite and a fractured granite was studied experimentally under various geochemical conditions. The experimental results showed that bentonite particles could be eroded from a compacted bentonite buffer by a flowing groundwater depending upon the contact time, the flow rate of the groundwater, and the geochemical parameters of the groundwater such as the pH and ionic strength.

A gel formation of the bentonite was observed to be a dominant process in the erosion of bentonite particles although an intrusion of bentonite into a rock fracture also contributed to the erosion. The concentration of the eroded bentonite particles eroded by a flowing groundwater was increased with an increasing flow rate of the groundwater. It was observed from the experiments that the erosion of the bentonite particles was considerably affected by the ionic strength of a groundwater although the effect of the pH was not great within the studied pH range from 7 to 10. An erosion of the bentonite particles in a natural groundwater was also observed to be considerable and the eroded bentonite particles are expected to be stable at the given groundwater condition.

The erosion of the bentonite particles by a flowing groundwater did not significantly reduce the physical stability and thus the performance of a compacted bentonite buffer. However, it is expected that an erosion of the bentonite particles due to a groundwater flow will generate bentonite particles in a given groundwater condition, which can serve as a source of the colloids facilitating radionuclide migration through rock fractures.     

矿物自动定量分析系统的基本原理及其在岩矿研究中的应用 ——以捷克泰思肯公司TIMA为例

近年来,矿物自动定量分析系统已广泛应用于地质、石油、矿业、冶金、考古和环境等领域,而中国对该系统在岩矿科研领域的应用则刚刚起步.文章以捷克泰思肯电镜公司(TESCAN)的全自动矿物分析系统TIMA(TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer)为例,简述了该系统的基本原理、硬件和软件组成.TIM...     

云南麻栗坡祖母绿的矿物包裹体特征研究

采用偏光显微镜薄片观察、电子探针及背散射图像、阴极发光等方法,分别对伟晶岩矿脉和顺层剪切带矿脉两种产出状态的云南麻栗坡祖母绿进行了系统的包裹体特征研究。结果表明,云南麻栗坡祖母绿具有产地特征的包裹体有黑色镁电气石、含钒的白云母、具有环带的钾长石、毒砂、镁质黑云母、白钨矿包裹体。伟晶岩脉和顺层剪切带中的祖母绿均含有钾长石、钠长石、电气石、萤石、祖母绿(绿柱石)、黑云母、榍石、磷灰石、黄铁矿、绿泥石、绿帘石包裹体。白云母、方解石、石英、锆石、毒砂、闪锌矿、方铅矿、透辉石仅出现在伟晶岩脉中的祖母绿包裹体中;而白钨矿仅出现在顺层剪切带中的祖母绿包裹体中。对云南不同产状祖母绿矿物包裹体的研究不仅对祖母绿的产地鉴定具有宝石学意义,也对揭示云南麻栗坡祖母绿的成因类型具有重要意义。     

海底多金属结核和富钴结壳的He同位素对比研究

对东太平洋海盆C- C 区海底多金属结核及西太平洋马绍尔地区富钴结壳的He 同位素组成进行了对比研究。发现结核的3He/4He 比值普遍较高,为(1.73 ～13 .26) ×10- 5 。所有结核样品的3 He/4 He 比值均高于MORB 的平均3 He/4 He 比值,有些样品的3 He/4 He 比值甚至高于地幔热柱的值。磁性部分相对非磁性部分3 He/4He 比值和4 He 含量均明显偏高。结壳的3 He/4 He 比值相对较低,变化范围为6 .05 ×10 - 8 ～8 .08 ×10 - 5     

Electron Probe Microanalysis of Variable Oxidation State Oxides: Protocol and Pitfalls

Electron probe microanalysis of geological oxide materials relies on stoichiometric considerations to estimate the content of undetermined oxygen and thus calculate ZAF (atomic number, absorption, fluorescence) matrix correction factors, requiring the valences of cations in the corresponding software to be unambiguously defined. However, stoichiometric ZAF corrections may be problematic in the presence of other undetermined elements or variable valence state cations. Herein, we analyse several oxides containing such cations, that is magnetite (Fe₃O₄), haematite (Fe₂O₃), hausmannite (Mn₃O₄) and cuprite (Cu₂O). We compare data re‐calculated for incorrect valence states ( Method 1 ) with reference values, revealing incorrect results, due to an incorrect amount of oxygen used in the matrix correction. Some solid‐solution series of haematite and magnetite were also modelled in CalcZAF program to prove the relative errors when the incorrect oxygen is used. To resolve these issues, we describe two accurate methods. Method 2 uses the true valence states of analysed elements. In Method 3, all cations are analysed as metals, with the content of undetermined oxygen determined by difference. As EPMA software does not allow the use of non‐integer valences, Method 3 is applicable to cations with non‐integer or dubious valences in cases where these non‐integer valences cannot be defined.     

Equation of state and crystal structure of Sb<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>3</Subscript> between 0 and 10 GPa

High-precision unit-cell volume data of stibnite, collected in the pressure range of 0–10 GPa, was used for fitting a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. The zero-pressure volume, bulk modulus and its pressure derivative were found to be 487.73(6) ų, 26.91(14) GPa and 7.9(1), respectively. A series of X-ray intensity data was collected in the same pressure range using a CCD-equipped Bruker diffractometer. The high-pressure structures were all refined to R1(|F₀|>4) values of approximately 0.03. Crystal-chemical parameters as polyhedron volume, centroid and eccentricity were calculated for the seven coordinated cation positions using the software IVTON. The cation eccentricity appears to be a very useful tool for quantification of the lone electron pair activity. U₂S₃, Dy₂S₃ and Nd₂Te₃ are all isostructural with stibnite, but the cations in these materials have no lone electron pair. Their eccentricity is much smaller than that of Sb, and close to zero. This confirms that the stibnite structure type alone does not force eccentricity upon the cations involved and it is the lone electron pairs of Sb that generate the eccentricity of cation positions in the structures of stibnite. At increasing pressure the eccentricity of Sb is decreasing. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the lone electron pair activity is decreasing with increasing pressure.