Geothermobarometry and fluid inclusions of dioritic rocks in Bangladesh: Implications for emplacement depth and exhumation rate

Application of hornblende thermobarometry and fluid inclusion studies to the Palaeoproterozoic (1.7 Ga) basement rocks from Maddhapara, NW Bangladesh, provide information on the pressure and temperature (P–T) conditions of crystallization, the emplacement depth and composition of magmatic fluid. The basement rocks are predominantly diorite or quartz diorite with a mineral assemblage of plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, quartz, K-feldspar, titanite, and secondary epidote and chlorite. The calculated P–T conditions of the dioritic rocks are 680–725 °C and 4.9–6.4 kbar, which probably correspond to crystallization conditions. Fluid inclusion studies suggest that low- to medium-salinity (0–6.4 wt.% NaCl_eq) H₂O-rich fluids are trapped during the crystallization of quartz and plagioclase. The isochore range calculated for primary aqueous inclusions is consistent with the P–T condition obtained by geothermobarometry. The basement rocks likely crystallized at a depth of 17–22 km, with a minimum average exhumation rate of 12–15 m/Ma during Palaeoproterozoic to Lopingian time. Such slow exhumation indicates low relief continental shield surface during this period.     

Emplacement temperature determinations of proximal pyroclastic deposits on Santorini,Greece, and their implications

Received: 14 May 1998 / Accepted: 8 July 1999     

北京房山岩体的磁组构特征及其 对岩体侵位的约束

岩浆岩的磁组构与岩浆流动、侵位时应力和冷凝后遭受后期构造改造作用有关.本文分析了北京房山岩体东山口-凤凰亭剖面岩石磁化率各向异性(AMS)变化.热磁曲线和磁滞回线分析显示,岩石的主要载磁矿物为多畴磁铁矿颗粒.AMS磁化率椭球体呈压扁状,磁面理发育且产状陡倾,磁化率各向异性度P值平均值高达1.189.自边缘相(东山口)到中心相(凤凰亭),岩石磁化率椭球的扁率E值和形状因子T值逐渐减小,说明磁组构主要反映岩浆流动和岩体侵位时近NNE-SSW方向的挤压作用,在侵位冷凝后并没有遭受到明显的构造改造.     

广西海洋山花岗岩体侵位构造特征

花岗岩是大陆地壳的重要组成部分,是地球动力学演化的示踪剂。花岗岩体侵位构造的研究对于揭示花岗岩体的变形历史和侵位机制具有重要的科学价值。本文研究了海洋山花岗岩体的内部构造、与岩浆侵位应力有的围岩构造及热接触变质带特征,探讨了岩体和围岩的应变状态。研究发现,从岩浆侵位到冷凝固结,海洋山花岗岩体经历了液态流动、塑性变形和“半固态”冷凝阶段的演化。岩体各单元的应变类型分别是单轴压扁、平面应变、单轴压缩,     

A mantle- and a lower crust-derived bimodal suite in the Yusufeli (Artvin) area, NE Turkey: trace element and REE evidence for subduction-related rift origin of Early Jurassic Demirkent intrusive complex

The Yusufeli area, in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, contains a crystalline complex that intruded into the Carboniferous metamorphic basement and is composed of two intrusive bodies: a gabbro-diorite and a tonalite-trondhjemite. The mafic body (45–57 wt% SiO₂) displays a broad lithological spectrum ranging from plagioclase-cumulate to quartz diorite. Primitive varieties of the body have Mg-number, MgO and Cr contents that are close to those expected for partial melts from mantle peridotite. Data are consistent with the magma generation in an underlying mantle wedge that was depleted in Zr, Nb and Ti, and enriched in large ion lithophile elements (K, Rb, Ba, Th). However, high Al₂O₃, CaO and generally low Ni (<65 ppm) contents are not in agreement with the unfractionated mantle-derived primitive magmas and require some Al₂O₃- and CaO-poor mafic phases, in particular, olivine and orthopyroxene. Absence of orthopyroxene in crystallization sequence, uralitization, and a common appearance of clinopyroxene surrounded by hornblende imply an anhydrous phase fractionated from highly hydrous (5–6%) parent. Geochemical modelling suggests derivation by 15–20% melting of a depleted-lherzolitic mantle. The tonalite-trondhjemite body (58–76 wt% SiO₂) ranges in composition from quartz diorite to granodiorite with a low-K calc-alkaline trend. Although LILE- and LREE- enriched characteristics of the primitive samples imply a metasomatic sub-arc mantle for their source region, low MgO, Ni and Cr concentrations rule out direct derivation from the mantle wedge. Also, lack of negative Eu anomalies suggests an unfractionated magma and precludes a differentiation from the diorites of mafic body, which show negative Eu anomalies. Their Na enrichments relative to Ca and K are similar to those of Archean tonalites, trondhjemites and granodiorites and Cenozoic adakites. However, they exhibit important geochemical differences from them, including low-Al (<15 wt%) contents, unfractionated HREE patterns and evolution towards the higher Y concentrations and lower Sr/Y ratios within the body. All these features are obtained in experimentally produced melts from mafic rocks at low pressures (≤5 kbar) and also widespread in the rocks of arc where old (Upper Cretaceous or older) oceanic crust is being subducted. Major and REE modelling supports formation of the quartz dioritic parent to the felsic intrusive rocks by 70% partial melting of a primitive gabbroic sample (G694). Therefore, once taking into account the extensional conditions prevailing in the Pontian arc crust in Early Jurassic time, former basic products (gabbros) seem to be the most appropriate source for the tonalite-trondhjemite body. Magmatic emplacement of stratigraphically similar lithologies in the Pulur Massif, just southwest of the Yusufeli, was dated to be 184 Ma by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method on amphibole, and is compatible with the initiation of Early Jurassic rifting in the region.     

Magnetic fabric and modeled strain distribution in the head of a nested granite diapir,the Melechov pluton,Bohemian Massif

The Melechov pluton, Bohemian Massif, is interpreted as a mid-crustal nested granitic diapir with an apical part exposed at the present-day erosion level. The diapir head exhibits a concentric structure defined by lithologic zoning and by the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). In concert with theoretical models, outward-dipping margin-parallel magnetic foliations are associated with oblate shapes of the susceptibility ellipsoids and higher degree of anisotropy, passing inward into weaker triaxial to prolate fabric. By contrast, magnetic fabric in an inner granite unit is in places oriented at a high angle to internal contacts and is interpreted as recording an internal diapir circulation. We use inverse modeling to calculate strain variations across the diapir from the AMS data. The magnetic fabric parameters and calculated strains are in agreement with strain distribution in heads of model Newtonian diapirs traveling a distance of two body radii and suggest granitic magma ascent as a crystal-poor suspension followed by crystallization of fabric markers and their response to strain near the final emplacement level. The intrusive fabric thus formed late but, though generally weak, was still capable of recording incremental strain gradient in the granite diapir.     

花岗岩体的累积生长与高结晶度岩浆的分异

花岗岩成因研究是认识大陆地壳形成和分异的有效方式。野外地质和地球物理观测、岩石学和地质年代学研究以及热演化模拟证明,很多花岗岩体是在数百万年甚至更长的时间跨度内、由多次岩浆累积添加侵位而成的。地壳内可能不存在岩基尺度的大岩浆房,具有流动能力的岩浆体一般规模很小(宽度1000m)。1000m宽的岩浆体冷凝到固相线只需要数千年时间。复式岩体的形成一般要经历三个阶段,即源区岩浆沿岩墙的上升、在脆-韧性地层界面处岩墙转化为岩床以及无数的岩床的垂向堆垛导致侵入体长大。存在于上地壳的岩浆储库,特别是多次先后侵位产生的岩浆体,主体上是晶粥体,其晶体含量高,粘度大,活动性弱,不利于发生对流、分异和混合。当幔源镁铁质岩浆大规模注入到地壳时,使粘稠的晶粥状岩浆受到加热,熔体含量增大,岩浆的粘度降低,引起岩浆体内部的成分分异和不同成分的岩浆之间的混合;当逐渐加厚的熔体层产生了足够大的浮力后,特别是有挥发份加入后,就会快速上升,甚至穿透上部的晶粥体,触发大规模的火山喷发。幔源岩浆的通量越大,地壳岩浆的活动性也越强,大规模的长英质岩浆聚集就可能发生大喷发,形成超级火山。本文提出,只有将侵入岩与火山岩相结合、长英质岩石与镁铁质岩石相结合,重点从侵入体形成的时间长短、岩浆相互作用的规模和频率、岩浆通量的演变、高结晶度的岩浆分异机理、侵入岩与火山岩的关系、地幔热和物质的贡献、挥发份在岩浆分异和火山喷发中的作用等方面入手,开展野外地质、岩石学、地球化学、同位素年代学及岩浆动力学的综合研究,才能深入认识花岗岩的成因机制,深化对大陆地壳形成和演化过程的理解。     

胶西北郭家岭花岗闪长岩侵位深度:来自角闪石温压计和流体包裹体的证据

本文应用角闪石地质温压计和流体包裹体对胶东西北部与成矿关系密切的郭家岭花岗闪长岩结晶的温压条件、侵位深度进行了讨论。郭家岭花岗闪长岩的矿物组合为斜长石、角闪石、黑云母、石英、碱性长石、铁-钛氧化物、榍石和次生绿泥石,符合角闪石温压计的使用前提。应用角闪石-斜长石温度计和角闪石全铝压力计所获得的温压条件分别为,郭家岭岩体为694~733℃,1.3~2.4kbar,丛家岩体为702~719℃,2.4~3.9kbar,北截岩体为723~727℃,3.8~4.2kbar。未变形岩石的石英中含有5种类型包裹体,其中CO₂-H₂O-NaCl包裹体广泛分布,最具有代表性。由CO₂-H₂O-NaCl包裹体等容线相图计算的温压范围与岩石所获得的温压范围一致,表明角闪石温压计获得的结果是比较可信的。岩体的侵位深度变化较大,其中郭家岭岩体平均为6km,丛家岩体平均为10km,北截岩体平均为13km,显示从东到西侵位越来越深结晶温度越来越高的趋势。不同侵位深度的岩体同时出露到地表暗示了早白垩世以来胶东地区的剥蚀抬升速率可能是不均匀的,西部相对东部抬升更快剥蚀更多。