Leveraging farmers’ strategies for coping with stress: Seed aid in Ethiopia

Interventions to reduce farmers’ vulnerability to crises rarely build on existing coping strategies. Emergency seed aid offers a unique opportunity to examine links between different types of interventions and local coping mechanisms, as such relief has been abundant and long-term. This study focuses on farmers’ use and assessment of crisis assistance within Ethiopia, where seed aid delivery dates back at least 34 years. Farmers’ abilities to strategize and negotiate inter-/intra-seasonal variability are not being addressed by current supply-driven approaches. Lessons derived from seed aid give insights toward more effective practice for programs aiming to bolster farmers’ resilience in high-stress and uncertain contexts.     

土高压三轴仪数据采集和处理系统的改进

较详细介绍了土高压三轴仪数据采集和处理系统的改进，新编测量软件的功能、特点。改进后该设备系统在恢复、扩大仪器功能和实验自动化方面得到进一步的完善。     

Participatory methods of incorporating scientific with traditional knowledge for volcanic hazard management on Ambae Island,Vanuatu

Ambae Island is the largest of Vanuatus active volcanoes. It is also one of the nations potentially most dangerous, with 60 million m³ of lake-water perched at over 1340 m in the summit caldera and over the active vent. In 1995, small phreatic explosions, earthquake swarms and heightened gas release led to calls for evacuation preparation and community volcanic hazard awareness programs for the ~9500 inhabitants. Differences in perspective or world-view between the island dwellers adhering to traditional beliefs (Kastom) and external scientists and emergency managers led to a climate of distrust following this crisis. In an attempt to address these issues, rebuild dialogue and respect between communities, outside scientists and administrators, and move forward in volcanic hazard education and planning for Ambae, we adapted and applied Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approaches. Initial gender-segregated PRA exercises from two representative communities provided a mechanism for cataloguing local traditional viewpoints and hazard perceptions. Ultimately, by combining elements of these viewpoints and perceptions with science-based management structures, we derived volcanic hazard management guidelines, supported by an alert system and map that were more readily accepted by the test communities than the earlier top-down plans imposed by outside governmental and scientific agencies. The strength of PRA approaches is that they permit scientists to understand important local perspective issues, including visualisations of volcanic hazards, weaknesses in internal and external communication systems, and gender and hierarchy conflicts, all of which can hinder community emergency management. The approach we describe has much to offer both developing and industrialised communities that wish to improve their awareness programs and mitigative planning. This approach should also enhance communication and understanding between volcanologists and the communities they serve.     

Ground-based SAR interferometry for monitoring mass movements

An innovative technique for the remote assessment of ground displacements, based on radar interferometry and implemented using ground-based instrumentation (GB-InSAR), has been tested in recent years on a number of selected case sites. The system, known as LISA, developed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, is a ground-based radar interferometer specifically designed for field use. It is composed of two radar antennas mounted on a linear rail which horizontally slides to form a synthetic aperture. Coherent SAR processing converts the raw data into an image containing, for each pixel, information on the wave phase, which depends on the target-sensor distance. Consecutive couples of SAR images can be cross-correlated to form interferograms representing phase variations which can be directly related to ground displacement along the sight-line of the radar system, since they are acquired from exactly the same position. Several applications of the system have been conducted on a number of mass movements located in Italy, in order to validate the technique for the monitoring of landslides. GB-InSAR has proved its potential for the measurement of the superficial ground displacements of different landslide types, in terms of failure mechanism, materials involved, kinematics, water content and deformation rates. In particular conditions, such as fast-moving phenomena and inaccessible areas, the technique can be employed directly as a monitoring tool, providing multi-temporal displacement maps of the observed area. Additionally, some applications of the GB-InSAR have provided a fundamental support to decision makers during landslide emergencies, allowing the civil protection authorities to assess the risk and to manage an effective emergency response.     

地震应急信息的特征、分类与作用

在讨论地震应急信息概念内涵的基础上,首先分析了地震应急信息的基本特征,认为地震应急除具有信息的一般性质外,还具有复杂性、时效性、等级层次性、不完全性和动态变化等特点。之后讨论了地震应急信息的分类体系,认为依据不同的分类标准,可得到不同的应急信息分类体系,如信息的生成领域分类、信息的综合水平分类和信息的记录符号分类等;但对于实际工作而言,使用最多的也是实际指导意义最大的分类则是以信息所反映的客观对象或所表达的地震应急某方面问题的不同为分类标准。依据这一标准,地震应急信息可分为基础背景类、地震灾害和救灾背景类、法律法规类、预案与规划类、地震对策类、防震减灾示范与演习经验类、地震台网类、应急联络类、历史地震类、地震救灾案例类、救灾能力储备类、震情类、灾情类、应急决策和应急辅助决策类、灾害现场类、救灾物资及人员调配和调动类、社会反应类共17个主要类别。最后分析了信息在地震应急中的作用,表明不同类型的地震应急信息。其在地震应急中的具体功能和主要作用具有明显差别。     

印度洋大地震与海啸灾害综述

2004年12月26日8时58分,印尼苏门答腊岛附近海域发生M8.7地震（百年以来第5次大地震）,其引发的海啸波及了东南亚和南亚至少10个国家,截至2005年3月5日已造成28万人死亡和重大财产损失.这是自1964年3月以来世界上发生的最强烈地震,此次海啸是1900年以来这一地区发生的最大海啸.叙述了此次地震和海啸的破坏情况以及受灾国的应急救援工作和国际社会的反应.概述了地震海啸灾害及其研究简况.     

关于地震现场工作队应急演练的探讨

本文主要探讨了地震现场工作队应急演练的科目、场所、规模及演练方案的编写。提出了相关演练的概念。本文还对地震现场工作队的演练流程、演练方案内容、演练的策略、演练评价及追踪作了相应的阐述。     

高应变动力试桩误差来源分析

本文根据我国目前进行高应变动力试桩的实际情况,从其理论方法、野外数据采集、室内数据处理上可能出现的误差及其原因进行分析。     

浅谈寻找隐伏矿床的理论和方法

本文从地质勘查找矿角度,将未出露现代侵蚀面或被沉积物覆盖的矿床统称为隐伏矿床。寻找隐伏矿的理论和方法可分为：①地质分析（构造体系、地质建造、矿田构造、隐伏侵入体等）;②矿床学理论（成因模式、找矿模型等）;③数学地质（统计预测、综合信息、地质异常等）;④地球化学找矿（构造地球化学、原生矿晕、次生矿晕、离子态分布模式）;⑤地球物理找矿（层析成像、地电提取、物探填图等）;⑥矿物学方法（矿物标型、蚀变矿物等）;⑦遥感地质找矿;⑧其他方法（生物找矿、计算机技术等）。     

提高地震应急效能的初步探讨

本文通过对地震应急的特征、国内外震例的分析 ,结合莆田市破坏性地震应急预案和莆田市地震局震情应急工作方案条文 ,对政府和各部门的地震应急预案衔接等问题提出具体方法 ,以提高地震应急工作的效率和能力 ,最大限度地减轻地震灾害造成的损失。