Risk, rescue and emergency services: The changing spatialities of Mountain Rescue Teams in England and Wales

This paper considers the role of the emergency services in society and, in particular, their role in controlling, mitigating and resolving risk. Using a network approach, Mountain Rescue Teams are studied in order to examine how people, agencies, animals, technology and knowledge are deployed to resolve emergencies. The paper traces the changing nature of risk in rural places and the impact of state regulation on the deployment, spatialities and practices of the emergency services. In doing so, it argues that greater attention should be paid to the emergency services by geographers.     

隧道断面监测的椭圆拟合方法研究

监测隧道断面是获取隧道变形情况的有效途径。通过对管片的高精度自动测量,采用有效的椭圆拟合算法,可以求解得到隧道椭圆化的几何参数,同时,针对管片表面干扰物的影响,对数据粗差进行处理。通过工程实例的检验,证明算法有效可靠。     

GIS-based cost distance modelling to support strategic maritime search and rescue planning: A feasibility study

Geographic information system (GIS) based methodologies are widely used to various problems. However, its potential for application to strategic maritime search and rescue (SAR) planning remains largely unexplored. To investigate the applicability of GIS-based tools to this problem, this paper presents an approach to evaluate accessibility and response times in a sea area. Such information aids to objectify the response effectiveness of a SAR system, which is important for rational resource allocation. The presented methodology accounts for the main characteristics of maritime response, namely spatial accessibility, capabilities of search and rescue units (SRUs) and prevailing wave conditions, which affect the attainable SRU speeds. An application to the Finnish areas of the Gulf of Finland is shown. Despite the existence of some difficulties with currently available tools (e.g. accurate and user-friendly spatial wave models and challenges with using raster-based methods in topologically complex areas) and limitations in knowledge (e.g. the SRU capabilities in actual operations), the results indicate that the methodology provides good opportunities for enhancing maritime decision making.     

Data,interface, security: Assembling technologies that govern the future

Over the last decade, fire governance practices in the British Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) have undergone fundamental transformation. Rather than just being responded to as and when they occur, the FRS have adopted a range of anticipatory governing strategies to govern fires in anticipation of their occurence. This turn towards anticipatory governance has been facilitated in no small part by the digital infrastructure now embedded in the FRS. Composed of data, hardware, software, fibre-optic cables along with human analysts and organisational processes, this infrastructure operates to make risk projections on fire which shape and condition strategic decision making. This paper explores the operation of this digital infrastructure through the notion of interface. Drawing on empirical material relating to processes of data sourcing and risk calculation, interfaces account for the sites, moments and experiences in which human and non-human agents relate to one another in making fire risk projections. Showing relations to exist spatially, temporally and sensually, I argue that interfaces are crucial to the operation of an anticipatory security apparatus which relies on digital devices.     

地理空间数据处理的尺度理论

尺度问题是许多学科(包括空间信息科学)中最重要的，但至今尚未解决的问题之一。本文系统地探讨了空间数据处理的尺度问题，给出了一个空间数据处理的尺度理论，在该理论中，引入了诸如尺度谱和地学尺度等新概念，区分了欧氏空间和地理空间中的尺度，提出了衡量尺度的标准(一组参数)，并讨论了尺度和分辨率之间的关系。基于该理论背景，探讨了空间数据处理各个阶段的尺度问题，文章强调保持尺度一致性的重要性，最后提出了多尺度数据处理问题的一些可能的方法。     

长岛轮渡码头装卸工艺设计

以长岛港轮渡码头装卸工艺设计为例,介绍轮渡码头装卸工艺设计的步骤和内容。     

多因素控制的城镇地震灾害应急处置模型研究

随着城镇化水平的快速提高,地震灾害高风险暴露城镇数量将不断增加,震后有效的应急处置尤为重要。而当前城镇的地震应急处置主要依据平时制定的地震应急预案开展,缺乏针对性与可操作性。本文以提升城镇地震灾害应急处置能力为目的,总结以往城镇地震应急处置案例,提炼城镇地震灾害应急处置流程,结合城镇特殊的社会经济、自然地理等特点,在分析影响地震灾害应急处置关键因素的基础上,按地震烈度的不同,研究构建了具有区域特征且操作性较强的城镇地震灾害应急处置模型,为城镇地震应急处置的科学化、规范化提供了参考。     

地震应急信息汇聚与发布平台构建

针对震后灾情获取缓慢且碎片化、决策支持不到位、灾情服务缺位等问题,探讨了地震应急信息汇聚与发布平台的设计与构建,运用大数据、云计算技术,汇聚破裂过程、快速评估、辅助决策等各类地震应急产出,实现了各类地震应急信息的自动汇集、全流程模型计算、综合展示等功能,在地震灾情决策支持及地震应急信息服务中发挥了重要作用。     

基于ArcGIS的多准则地震应急避难所选址规划研究

地震是极其严重的自然灾害,有可能造成重大伤亡和经济损失。由于城市中人口高度聚集,地震发生时,需将受灾居民快速疏散至应急避难所,因此,应急避难所选址的合理性至关重要。本文提出1种可用于解决选址问题的多准则选址模型,并提出了求解模型的方法。该方法分为3个步骤,首先选择候选应急避难所,其次分析候选避难所的服务范围,最后确定应急避难所的位置。通过案例研究,论证了多准则选址模型在地震应急避难所规划中的有效性。     

互联网+社区地震应急桌面演练的设计与实施——以青海省海西州为例

地震灾害应对实践表明,社区作为社会治理的基本单元,在抢救生命、安置群众生活等方面发挥着重要作用。应急演练是有效提升民众防灾减灾意识和社区应对灾害能力的重要途径。近年来,社区开展了不同程度的地震应急演练,但在专业性和实效性方面仍存在很大提升空间。本文基于互联网+应急演练理念,提出基于互联网云服务的分布式、多社区、不限人数、同步或异步开展的应急桌面演练新模式,并在青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州进行了试点应用。实践表明,互联网+社区地震应急桌面演练融合了传统桌面演练与实战演练的优势,可针对社区管理层开展地震灾害全过程桌面推演,能有效促进社区管理层应急组织协调能力的提升。