Simulation of summer storms of differing recurrence intervals in a semiarid environment using a kinematic routing scheme

A kinematic flood routing procedure has been devised for a small dendritic headwater gully network on the Western slope of Colorado. the program is spatially-distributed, incorporating lateral inflows from 103 field sites on the network for which channel geometry variables are known. This model, in which a lateral inflow algorithm for the sideslopes between each channel site is convoluted into a Freeze-type (1978) numerical scheme, is fully developed in this paper. Although the field basis of the lateral inflow algorithm has been tested elsewhere (Faulkner, 1990), sensitivity tests were needed for the roughness and hillslope velocity estimates used in the routing procedure. After these successful tests, a suitably precalibrated run of the model was compared with a field-monitored runoff event on the watershed, and results again were encouraging. However, peak attentuation downstream was more pronounced in reality than on the simulation, so the model was also modified by inclusion of allowances for transmission loss. the tendency that the model had displayed for peak size attenuation downstream was considerably enhanced. Using the model, the geomorphic role of the flashfloods which affect the watershed in the summer months is briefly considered by applying the model to existing records of local summer storm rainfall events as a basis for event simulation. These simulations show that downstream attenuation of the flood wave on concave networks in steep semiarid terrain was likely to be a common occurrence, possibly resulting in down-net deposition and differences in geomorphic behaviour between upstream and downstream sites. the discussion is finally broadened to consider the relative importance of ‘common’ as compared to ‘freak’ watershed events in maintaining these differences.     

The Boussinesq and anelastic liquid approximations for convection in the Earth’s core

Convection in the Earth’s core is usually studied in the Boussinesq approximation in which the compressibility of the liquid is ignored. The density of the Earth’s core varies from ICB to CMB by approximately 20%. The question of whether we need to take this variation into account in core convection and dynamo models is examined. We show that it is in the thermodynamic equations that differences between compressible and Boussinesq models become most apparent. The heat flux conducted down the adiabat is much smaller near the inner core boundary than it is near the core-mantle boundary. In consequence, the heat flux carried by convection is much larger nearer the inner core boundary than it is near the core-mantle boundary. This effect will have an important influence on dynamo models. Boussinesq models also assume implicitly that the rate of working of the gravitational and buoyancy forces, as well as the Ohmic and viscous dissipation, are small compared to the heat flux through the core. These terms are not negligible in the Earth’s core heat budget, and neglecting them makes it difficult to get a thermodynamically consistent picture of core convection. We show that the usual anelastic equations simplify considerably if the anelastic liquid approximation, valid if αT?1, where α is the coefficient of expansion and T a typical core temperature, is used. The resulting set of equations are not significantly more difficult to solve numerically than the usual Boussinesq equations. The relationship of our anelastic liquid equations to the Boussinesq equations is also examined.     

南京似大地水准的建设与应用

当前,GPS平面控制网已经得到了广泛的运用,但是GPS高程却运用得不够。本文就南京建立高精度似大地水准面,将GPS RTK测量数据,应用似大地水准面解算软件求算高程,代替传统的水准测量,达到了一般工程和大比例尺测图的高程精度要求,提高了工效、降低了生产成本的应用试验进行了介绍。     

Time-lapse traveltime change of singly scattered acoustic waves

We present a technique based on the single-scattering approximation that relates time-lapse localized changes in the propagation velocity to changes in the traveltime of singly scattered waves. We describe wave propagation in a random medium with homogeneous statistical properties as a single-scattering process where the fluctuations of the velocity with respect to the background velocity are assumed to be weak. This corresponds to one of two end-member regimes of wave propagation in a random medium, the first being single scattering, and the second multiple scattering. We present a formulation that relates the change in the traveltime of the scattered waves to a localized change in the propagation velocity by means of the Born approximation for the scattered wavefield. We validate the methodology with synthetic seismograms calculated with finite differences for 2-D acoustic waves. Potential applications of this technique include non-destructive evaluation of heterogeneous materials and time-lapse monitoring of heterogeneous reservoirs.     

一维波动方程的近似解及其在浅海声场计算中的应用

本文给出一维波动方程的一组近似解,它具有WKB解的简洁性,但又克服了WKB解在反转点附近发散的困难。文中用其结果计算了具有粗糙界面的负声速梯度浅海中的简正波声场。     

虚拟球谐方法逼近市级大地水准面计算分析

研究了构建市级大地水准面的虚拟球谐方法。首先,选择构建区域的中心点和区域半径对观测值进行数据预处理,并统计分析数值范围和位置信息;然后,将观测值由地理坐标系转换到球冠坐标系,再转换到虚拟球坐标系中;最后,根据虚拟球谐方法构建市级大地水准面。以南昌市为例构建采样点,采用多项式拟合和神经网络方法与本文虚拟球谐方法进行比较分析,结果表明,虚拟球谐方法的RMS值为0.308 cm,拟合效果最好。     

多属性直觉模糊容差粗糙集模型

在直觉模糊信息系统的背景下提出了基于容差关系的直觉模糊粗糙集模型,从乐观悲观两个角度出发对目标集进行刻画,是对目标集的一种新的逼近方法,同时,可以发现乐观与悲观上下近似的关系.通过求解近似精度可以发现乐观直觉模糊粗糙集模型的近似精度更高.最后给出实证分析,进一步验证结论的有效性.     

A meshless method for axisymmetric problems in continuously nonhomogeneous saturated porous media

A meshless method based on the local Petrov–Galerkin approach is proposed to analyze 3-d axisymmetric problems in porous functionally graded materials. Constitutive equations for porous materials possess a coupling between mechanical displacements for solid and fluid phases. The work is based on the u–u formulation and the incognita fields of the coupled analysis in focus are the solid skeleton displacements and the fluid displacements. Independent spatial discretization is considered for each phase of the model, rendering a more flexible and efficient methodology. Both displacements are approximated by the moving least-squares (MLS) scheme. The paper presents in the first time a general meshless method for the numerical analysis of axisymmetric problems in continuously nonhomogeneous saturated porous media. Numerical results are given for boreholes in continuously nonhomogeneous porous medium with prescribed misfit and exponential variation of material parameters in the excavation zone.     

基本气流的垂直切变对热带行星尺度大气波动的影响

通过一个赤道β平面上的绝热无摩擦的两层模式,讨论了线性垂直切变的纬向基本气流对热带行星尺度大气波动的影响。在长波近似下,当有纬向基本气流垂直切变时,可得到与东传Kelvin波和西传Rossby波对应的不稳定模态。对不稳定的Kelvin波模态,其相速受垂直切变的影响不大,而对不稳定的Rossby波模态,切变越大,西传速度越小。基本气流的垂直切变主要影响热带Rossby波。