北京市地铁暗挖施工沉降控制探讨

仅以北京市地铁4#线张自忠车站主体暗挖施工的沉降监控项目为研究背景,对穿越城市主干道的车站结构暗挖施工进行连续性的沉降变形监测;从地下构筑物暗挖施工的工序变化与地表沉降的关系进行试验研究.在预测基础上对获取的数据进行多层次的统计与分析,以研究其变形规律与稳定性,实现了信息化施工.     

测量监理工作的初步探讨

本文介绍了测量监理工作的主要内容、方法，对道路、桥涵、隧道等工程测量监理工作要点进行了初步探讨。     

GPS RTK测量技术的应用与体会

GPS RTK测量技术以快捷、精准的特点广泛地被测量人员所接受，但是在到量中仍存在一些问题需要研究。本文介绍了几种经常遇到的棘手问题及其解决方法。     

基于ACAD的新型地图符号系统

分析了地图符号和ACAD的特点,设计一套比较完善的、开放的、可扩充的、易于调用且可变比例的地图符号系统NMSS。本文分地图骨架、点、线、面符、注记和曲线光滑6个方面介绍这一系统。     

基于知识的点状符号自动识别

文中根据地形图黑版要素中点状符号的特点,总结了6种易于表达的知识特征,并据此提出了一种基于知识的点状符号识别方法。     

基于PRS的遥感图像地物信息提取模型

点源理论(PRS)是一种面向应用需求的集中信息处理方式。不同尺度、不同分辨率的点都是一定的综合信息场,是客观世界的真实反映。本文在数字图像处理过程中引入点源理论,探讨针对地物空间信息应用服务的遥感信息分析和处理模型,讨论基于点源的图像构造、知识构造及地物模型建造过程,给出基于点源的遥感图像地物提取流程。     

A theoretical study on terrestrial gravimetric data refinement by Earth gravity models

The idea of this paper is to present estimators for combining terrestrial gravity data with Earth gravity models and produce a high‐quality source of the Earth's gravity field data through all wavelengths. To do so, integral and point‐wise estimators are mathematically developed, based on the spectral combination theory, in such a way that they combine terrestrial data with one and/or two Earth gravity models. The integral estimators are developed so that they become biased or unbiased to a priori information. For testing the quality of the estimators, their global mean square errors are generated using an Earth gravity model08 model and one of the recent products of the gravity field and steady‐state ocean circulation explorer mission. Numerical results show that the integral estimators have smaller global root mean square errors than the point‐wise ones but they are not efficient practically. The integral estimator of the biased type is the most suited due to its smallest global root mean square error comparing to the rest of the estimators. Due largely to the omission errors of Earth gravity models the point‐wise estimators are not sensitive to the Earth gravity model commission error; therefore, the use of high‐degree Earth gravity models is very influential for reduction of their root mean square errors. Also it is shown that the use of the ocean circulation explorer Earth gravity model does not significantly reduce the root mean square errors of the presented estimators in the presence of Earth gravity model08. All estimators are applied in the region of Fennoscandia and a cap size of 2° for numerical integration and a maximum degree of 2500 for generation of band‐limited kernels are found suitable for the integral estimators.     

Development of site-specific design ground motions in Western and Eastern North America

This paper presents results recently obtained for generating site-specific ground motions needed for design of critical facilities. The general approach followed in developing these ground motions using either deterministic or probabilistic criteria is specification of motions for rock outcrop or very firm soil conditions followed by adjustments for site-specific conditions. Central issues in this process include development of appropriate attenuation relations and their uncertainties, differences in expected motions between Western and Eastern North America, and incorporation of site-specific adjustments that maintain the same hazard level as the control motions, while incorporating uncertainties in local dynamic material properties. For tectonically active regions, such as the Western United States (WUS), sufficient strong motion data exist to constrain empirical attenuation relations for M up to about 7 and for distances greater than about 10–15 km. Motions for larger magnitudes and closer distances are largely driven by extrapolations of empirical relations and uncertainties need to be substantially increased for these cases.

For the Eastern United States (CEUS), due to the paucity of strong motion data for cratonic regions worldwide, estimation of strong ground motions for engineering design is based entirely on calibrated models. The models are usually calibrated and validated in the WUS where sufficient strong motion data are available and then recalibrated for applications to the CEUS. Recalibration generally entails revising parameters based on available CEUS ground motion data as well as indirect inferences through intensity observations. Known differences in model parameters such as crustal structure between WUS and CEUS are generally accommodated as well. These procedures are examined and discussed.     

基于ArcGIS点抽稀的河南省灾情速报骨干网建设

河南省地震局灾情速报员队伍经过多年建设,目前在册灾情速报员多达3万余人,数量位居全国前列,但也存在灾情速报员数量过多、管理不易等问题,为确保河南省地震灾情速报员队伍发挥作用,以河南省现有行政村点为基础,根据空间均匀分布的原则,以5×6 km为格网单元,对ArcGIS的三种不同的点抽稀方法进行对比分析,最终选择SubsetFeatures和SubPoints相结合的方法,提取出6000多个行政村点,依此为依据报送人员名单,以保证每个乡(镇、街道办事处)有3～5名灾情速报人员组成河南省骨干灾情速报员队伍,从而强化灾情速报工作管理。     

基于迭代反演的层间多次波压制方法

层间多次波与有效波在走时、频率和叠加速度上差异较小,因此层间多次波压制常难以获得理想效果.本文提出一种基于迭代反演的层间多次波压制方法（MSI,Multiple Suppression Inversion）,该方法以共聚焦点（CFP,Common Focus Point）层间多次波压制理论为基础,通过构建卷积因子,将层间多次波压制转变为迭代反演的问题,直接利用观测的地震数据进行迭代反演计算,进而完成多次波压制.MSI方法避免了共聚焦点方法中构建CFP道集的聚焦运算,大幅降低层间多次波预测的计算成本;同时该方法为全数据驱动方法,无需地下介质任何先验信息,算法容易实现.模型数据测试表明,本文提出的方法可有效压制层间多次波,而且对有效波也具有很好的保幅性.