基于结构分析的点状地图符号识别

通过对点状地图符号特点及其识别难度的分析,提出了结构分析为主要识别方法,在结构分析中用模糊编号算法对组成符号的基元进行编码,有效地表示出基元的空间位置关系,大大消除了细化和轻微旋转对提取基元的影响,从而提高了识别率。     

地下管线竣工测量方法的应用

介绍了地下管线竣工测量的作业过程及作业方法,详细叙述了解析法地下管线竣工测量中的高程测量方法和坐标测量方法,特别是对埋深较大的方沟及大管径做管线竣工测量时。采用无定向法的实际应用及计算方法做了比较详细地论述。     

冰沟门盆地晚二叠世晚期肃南组河流相特征

甘肃冰沟门异常区在晚二叠世晚期肃南组(P_2~s)时发育了两种类型古河流。以大磁窑河为代表的网状支流河,蚀源区铀源丰度低,河床坡降大,流程短,水流急,不利于铀矿化的形成。古梨园河发育的中-晚期为低-高弯蛇曲河,边滩发育,规模适中(河宽<300m),铀源丰富,河水中富含植物碎屑等有机质,铀在沉积一成岩阶段于河流转弯处和主、支流交汇处形成聚集,为后生阶段的工业富集提供了良好的前提。     

基于点估计法的黄土边坡可靠度研究

在不同的黄土地区选取4个工点的典型路堑高边坡,基于点估计理论和有限元强度折减法计算边坡可靠指标。结果表明:工点2的稳定系数虽达到1.46,却有19.2%的失效概率; 工点1和4的坡型、地层岩性及层厚等工况较接近,失效概率差值达29.8%,参数变异性是造成其差异的主要原因。用点估计法计算边坡可靠度,并采用可靠度理论分析黄土边坡稳定性,能较好的解决土性参数离散性对边坡稳定性评价的影响。     

Integrity monitoring of fixed ambiguity Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solutions

Traditional positioning methods, such as conventional Real Time Kinematic (cRTK) rely upon local reference networks to enable users to achieve high-accuracy positioning. The need for such relatively dense networks has significant cost implications. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) on the other hand is a positioning method capable of centimeter-level positioning without the need for such local networks, hence providing significant cost benefits especially in remote areas. This paper presents the state-of-the-art PPP method using both GPS and GLONASS measurements to estimate the float position solution before attempting to resolve GPS integer ambiguities. Integrity monitoring is carried out using the Imperial College Carrier-phase Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring method. A new method to detect and exclude GPS base-satellite failures is developed. A base-satellite is a satellite whose measurements are differenced from other satellite’s measurements when using between-satellite-differenced measurements to estimate position. The failure detection and exclusion methods are tested using static GNSS data recorded by International GNSS Service stations both in static and dynamic processing modes. The results show that failure detection can be achieved in all cases tested and failure exclusion can be achieved for static cases. In the kinematic processing cases, failure exclusion is more difficult because the higher noise in the measurement residuals increases the difficulty to distinguish between failures associated with the base-satellite and other satellites.     

Lower Triassic and Induan-Olenekian Boundary in Chaohu, Anhui Province, South China

Since the West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu was proposed as the candidate of the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Induan-Olenekian boundary in 2003, the Lower Triassic of Chaohu has been extensively studied. Based on the studies on the Lower Triassic of Chaohu, (1) a continuous conodont zonation is established, which has become an important reference for Lower Triassic stratigraphic correlation over the world; (2) the First Appearance Datum of conodont Neospathodus waageni was suggested and has been basically accepted as the primary marker to define the Induan-Olenekian boundary; (3) a characteristic Lower Triassic excursion of carbon isotopes was brought to light and has been proven to be not only an excellent index for the stratigraphic correlation but also a unique indication for the perturbation of ecological environments in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction; (4) a magnetostratigraphic sequence is constituted with a certain biostratigraphic control in the low-latitude region and it presents an important correlation to the Boreal sequence; (5) a cyclostratigraphic study provides an alternative method to constrain the age of the chronostratigraphic units; and (6) a scheme of the Olenekian subdivision is recently suggested to define the boundary between the Smithian and Spathian Substages. In addition, Chaohu is also the type locality of the Chaohuan Stage, the upper stage of the Lower Triassic in the China Chronostratigraphic System. Thus, the Lower Triassic of Chaohu is not only a classic sequence in South China, but also a key reference sequence to the investigation of the corresponding stratigraphy and geological events over the world. The recent achievements are viewed here for an overall understanding of the sequence. Then the current situation of the Induan-Olenekian and Smithian-Spathian boundaries is discussed to provide a reference for later works.     

Soil and water pollution derived from anthropogenic activities in the Porsuk River Basin, Turkey

This study aims to investigate the degree of the influence of contaminant sources on both the surface (Porsuk River) and groundwater in the Eskisehir plain, (Turkey) and to determine the changes in groundwater quality after the sewage system was started in 1998. For this purpose surface and groundwater samples were collected from various locations in the Eskisehir plain between May and October, 2001. The Porsuk River is already polluted in the upstream wastewater and by industries such as Nitrogen Fertilizer Factory, Sugar-beet Factory, and Magnesite Factory located around the city of Kutahya. This high-contaminated water forms an eutrophic environment which generates high phosphorus and nitrogen in downstream flow. Agricultural and industrial activities in the Eskisehir plain are an additional source of the pollution of the Porsuk River. The study revealed that some trace elements, Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Cd, are present in high concentrations both in the surface and groundwater besides extremely high quantities of phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfide compounds. In addition, analyses of samples also indicated that there are no considerable contaminations in terms of local pesticides. High concentration of Cd, N and S are found in the groundwater. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the groundwater in the Eskisehir plain, it is concluded that groundwater is not suitable for drinking according to Turkish standards, European Union Standards (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO). An erratum to this article can be found at     

Optimizing the dataset size of a topo-bathymetric survey for Hammam Debagh Dam,Algeria

The capacity of water reservoirs may be considerably reduced by sediment transport and accumulation. This phenomenon may occur quickly in regions prone to erosion, such as Hammam Debagh Dam region in Algeria. For better management of water resources, it is important to estimate the volume of a reservoir by regular and frequent topo-bathymetric surveys. Topo-bathymetric surveys with a high point measurement density are expensive and time-consuming. To reduce this expense and to increase the frequency of topo-bathymetric surveys, it is required to optimize their size and density. The complete survey of the reservoir created by the Hammam Debagh Dam in Algeria was examined in comparison with 19 reduction subsets using geostatistics. The study showed that the complete dataset of 32,164 points, corresponding to a density of 42 points ha^-1 could be reduced to 10,000 points, i.e. 13 points ha^-1, without affecting the estimation of the water volume in the reservoir. This reduction could considerably simplify the work load, reduce the expenses to do these surveys, and, therefore, allow for an increased frequency of topo-bathymetric surveys.     

Static and dynamic behavior of hunchbacked gravity quay walls

One of the parameters that can affect the lateral pressures behind a retaining wall is the back-face shape of the wall, which can be controlled by the designer, and has not been investigated experimentally. Therefore, in order to study this behavior, a set of 1g shaking table tests was carried out on hunched back gravity type quay walls made of concrete blocks. Crushed stone and silica sand were used in the backfill and subsoil, respectively. The subsoil was prepared by moist tamping. The models were fully instrumented and beside each earth pressure transducer a pore water pressure sensor was also installed behind the wall therefore the lateral effective stress acting on the wall could be calculated. Tests were performed with various base accelerations on models with different subsoil relative densities. The results show that the earth pressure increases at upper portions of the wall and decreases by the leaning slope at lower elevations. Depending on the back-face shape of the wall the total thrust and overturning moment would be increased or decreased after an earthquake. However, the hunched back-shape of the wall tends to raise the point of application of the total thrust exerted on the wall. Other advantages of hunched back walls are demonstrated as well.     

GE露点仪性能分析

对美国GE露点仪测量性能进行了分析。结合GE露点仪使用过程中遇到的问题,总结了GE露点仪的探头选择、探头安装位置、气密性及流量控制等使用要求。以双压法湿度发生器作为标准装置,对GE露点仪进行了大量静态测试,结果表明:GE露点仪相对湿度测量值偏低;在低温条件下,测量误差较大且分散性较大;随着温度的降低,灵敏度明显降低,测量重复性变差,至-10℃时性能下降明显。该文研究内容,对于认识GE露点仪测量性能,保证其测试准确度和可靠性具有重要意义。