Characteristics of distribution and transport of petroleum contaminants in fracture-karst water in Zibo Area, Shandong Province, China

Fracture-karst water is an important water resource for the water supply in North China. Petroleum contamination is one of the most problematic types of the groundwater pollution. The characteristics of distribution and transport of the petroleum contaminants in fracture-karst water are different from those in porous water. The flow velocity of fracture-karst water is much faster than the velocity of porous water on an average. Therefore, contaminant transport in fracture-karst water is an absolute advection-dominated problem. The plume of the petroleum contamination may extend to several kilometers from pollution sources. It was not caused by the oil pool floating on the water table but by the oil components dissolved and scattered in groundwater. The distribution of the petroleum contaminants over space are concentrated in the strong conductive zone on the plane. On the vertical section the highest concentration of the oil contaminants appeared in the strata where the contamination sources were located. The concentrations of the oil contaminants in wells changed greatly over time. Therefore, the curves of concentration versus time fluctuated greatly. The reasons are as follows. (a) Fracture-karst water has a very great velocity. (b) Local flow fields which were caused by pumping and stoppage in some wells changed frequently. (c) In fracture-karst aquifer the transport channels are complicated. (d) Residual oil in vadose zone was leached after rainfall. It is of great practical value for the control and remediation of petroleum contamination in fracture-karst aquifer to understand those characteristics.     

排放角度对波浪环境中圆管射流运动和稀释特性的影响

采用粒子图像测速和平面激光诱导荧光技术对波浪环境中倾斜射流的运动和稀释特性进行了实验研究,对比分析了排放角度对射流瞬时运动形态、时均速度场和时均浓度场的影响。实验结果表明排放角度的变化对波浪环境中射流的运动形态、速度分布和混合范围等均有显著影响。当射流顺波浪方向运动时,射流主体段速度剖面呈双峰分布,达到初始浓度20%、30%、40%和50%的混合范围随排放角度增加而先增大后减小;当射流逆波浪方向运动时,射流速度剖面双峰分布不明显,相应的混合范围随排放角度增加而减小。在波浪牵引和射流卷吸的共同作用下,逆向射流的稀释效果总体上优于与垂线方向相同夹角的顺向射流。     

基于地球物理资料的九瑞矿集区三维地质模型分析

基于MAPGIS K9平台开发的立体填图图示系统,用综合地球物理解释推断剖面构建了江西九瑞(九江瑞昌)矿集区三维地质模型,并通过矿集区的2个不同目标层位的查证钻孔,验证了该三维模型的精确程度。在该三维地质模型基础上分析了九瑞矿集区深部地层、岩体、构造等地质情况,为探索九瑞地区深部矿产资源远景区提供更为直观的信息。     

紫金山矿集区铜地球化学块体特征及找矿潜力

运用地球化学块体理论, 在紫金山矿集区1:20万区域化探数据基础上, 利用2 km×2 km窗口数据, 对紫金山矿集区进行了地球化学块体的圈定及内部结构的剖析。分析了铜的地球化学块体各级含量水平所对应的面积、可供金属量、浓集度等参数特征。追索某元素地球化学块体的内部结构, 揭示元素在地球化学块体中逐步浓集成矿的轨迹。对几个重点的Cu的地球化学子块体作了预测评价。指出在这些地球化学块体内还存在巨大的寻找铜矿产资源的潜力。     

鄂皖赣巨型矿集区的构造复合成矿特征

通过综合研究,提出鄂皖赣相邻的地区处于华南洋构造域扬子反S型构造体系东部,燕山期时与滨太平洋构造域新华夏构造体系郯庐断裂带集群复合,形成一个由巨量金属矿质堆积的巨型内生金属矿集区。钨、铜、金、银、钽、铀、铁多金属在国内均占有重要地位,拟称之为鄂皖赣巨型矿集区。研究论证了晋宁期华南洋的位置及其陆缘弧盆系统。进一步论述了该区中新元古代以来自晋宁期华南洋、扬子-加里东期华南裂谷系到华力西-印支期陆表海的地质发展演化、构造格局及成矿作用。重点讨论了燕山期陆内活化造山与岩浆成矿大爆发的构造活动方式以及构造复合控岩控矿特征。初步构建了鄂皖赣燕山期巨型矿集区的框架及其成矿带、成矿亚带、主要矿集区、重要矿田的空间展布。在此基础上研究指出,晋宁期华南洋及其陆缘弧盆的地质背景是有利的成矿之基;欧亚板块与古太平洋板块强烈的相互作用引发的燕山期陆内活化造山,导致多源成矿岩浆与成矿流体大爆发是大规模成矿之源;两大构造域、两大构造体系复合是形成巨型矿集区之因。     

土壤元素异常成因研究及生态风险评价

山区岩石与水系沉积物,对山前平原土壤物质组成具有控制作用。土壤地球化学调查,查明北京某地区土壤存在着大面积同心圆状的镉、铜、铅等多金属元素异常。研究表明,西北侧山区分布着种类繁多的岩浆岩、变质与沉积岩,但与山前土壤具有高度正相关的元素组合特征的主要是燕山期中酸性岩浆杂岩体,而且杂岩体周边及其下游的BY沟水系沉积物中的多金属元素也呈现出明显的高背景含量特征。同时,铅同位素组成亦指示山前平原土壤铅与山区岩浆岩铅、沉积岩铅具有一致的物质来源,从而证实山前土壤多金属元素异常主要来源于山区岩浆杂岩体。由于山前平原土壤呈现为碱性且农田仅种植旱地作物,故富含多金属的土壤对农作物生长的生态风险程度低下。     

CFG桩复合地基边桩效应分析

CFG桩复合地基是软土地基处理中的一种较为有效的方法,近年来得到广泛的应用。通过有限元分析程序对CFG桩复合地基边桩效应进行分析,讨论边桩对CFG桩复合地基沉降、土体应力和承载力的影响。分析表明由于边桩的存在,限制了桩间土体的侧向挤出,减小了土体的竖向位移。同时,边桩增大了附加应力影响范围,能够在一定程度上提高复合地基的承载力,并促进了桩间土承载潜力的发挥。     

Micromechanical Modelling of Granular Materials: Effect of Particle Size and Gradation

In this paper the effects of maximum particle size, particle gradation/sorting and fabric on bulk mechanical behaviour of granular materials such as coarse grained soils and rockfills are investigated" from micromechanical considerations starting from the grain scale level, using numerical" simulations based on Discrete Element Modelling (DEM). Hydrostatic compaction and biaxial tests on 2-dimensional assemblies of discs with varying particle sizes and gradations were modelled using DEM. An examination of the constitutive behaviour of granular media considering" the particulate nature of the medium has been attempted to explain the effect of particle size and gradation. Simulation results on perfectly parallel graded assemblies indicate that with increase in the size of the particles, a marginal increase (or no increase) in the angle of internal friction is observed during biaxial loading conditions. A change to a wider gradation (keeping the minimum grain size the same) results in a decrease in the angle of internal friction and an increase in volumetric strain to a considerable extent. Based on micromechanical force and fabric parameters, the basis for the physical behaviour was established. This helps in understanding the physics of parallel gradation techniques.     

黄铁矿净化水中低浓度磷

以产自安徽铜陵新桥矿的黄铁矿为典型样品,研究黄铁矿对磷的吸附作用。静态实验考察黄铁矿粒度、固液比、pH值、离子强度、温度、吸附时间等因素对黄铁矿去除磷效果的影响,XPS和FE-SEM研究吸附磷后黄铁矿颗粒表面形貌和成分特征。结果表明：黄铁矿粒径越小（50～180目）,去除磷效率越高（9.3%～90.7%）;提高固液比（0.2～2 g/L）,磷的去除率增加（6.5%～97.1%）;在pH值3～9.65范围内黄铁矿对磷都有很好的去除效率（95%以上）;NO3-对磷的去除效果表现为微弱的促进作用,Cl-有微弱的抑制作用,溶液中SO42-、HCO3-对黄铁矿吸附磷表现出较强的抑制作用。温度对黄铁矿吸附效率基本没有影响。黄铁矿对磷吸附动态实验表明除磷效率在16 h后接近最大值。除磷作用机理是黄铁矿表面缓慢氧化产生的三价铁对磷的化学吸附。成果表明黄铁矿用于净化污水中低浓度磷具有很大的潜力。     

硅藻土负载羟基氧化铁对铬（VI）吸附的固体浓度效应研究

利用硅藻土负载羟基氧化铁颗粒作吸附剂对六价铬进行吸附和解吸附实验,探讨了硅藻土负载羟基氧化铁对六价铬的吸附机制和固体浓度效应。实验结果表明：在实验条件下,当吸附剂的用量从0.05 g增加到0.2 g时,六价铬的吸附量从23940.124μg/g降低到8575.415μg/g,吸附剂对Cr6＋的吸附存在明显的固体浓度（Cs）效应。吸附滞后角随着Cs 的增加而减小,吸附反应的可逆性增大。将实验数据分别用Languir和Freundlich吸附模型进行拟合,发现Freundl-ich吸附模型对实验数据拟合效果较好,表明该吸附反应以单分子层吸附为主。