ENTRAINMENT FUNCTION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN OPEN CHANNELS

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ　Ｒｉｖｅｒｆｌｏｗｓｗｉｔｈｓｕｓｐｅｎｄｅｄｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｓａｒｅａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｇｅｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｃｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ.Ａｋｅｙｆｅａｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｉ...     

小冰期以来敦德冰芯中微粒含量与沙尘暴及气候的关系

Determination of microparticles, including >2.0 μm, 2.0～2.5 μm and >5.04 μm in diameter, since the Little Ice Age in the Dunde ice core is presented. Three increasing and three decreasing periods are distinguished since 1400 AD. Among them, the greatest one was from the end of the 17th Century to the early 18th Century. Microparticle concentration variation corresponds to climate change. The higher the microparticle concentration is, the colder and drier the climate is; the lower the microparticle concentration is, the warmer and wetter the climate is. A comparison of microparticle concentration and sand-dust storm frequency indicates that there exits a good relationship. Most of the material deposited on the Dunde ice cap is thought to have originated in the surrounding arid and semi-arid areas, probably transported into the Qilian Mountains by sand-dust storms. When microparticle concentration appears in special values, sand-dust storms would happen.     

金字塔沙丘形成的动力条件分析

金字塔沙丘(或星状沙丘)形成的动力条件主要有三个方面:一是在非沙质床面的气流场辐合区,一般具有三个以上近似均布的主风向,各主风向的风力强度、出现频率及持续时间不尽相同,但年总输沙能力较为接近,而且月输沙能力具有明显的季节变化;二是不太充裕的沙源和高浓度不饱和风沙流;三是不同尺度地形条件的动力作用,和沙漠与戈壁下垫面的热力影响。在沙质床面,往往由于高浓度饱和或过饱和风沙流的作用,导致新月形沙丘或新月形沙丘链的变态,或重新组合成金字塔状的沙丘形态,但不可能发育为典型的金字塔沙丘。     

夏季烟台—威海北部近海溶解氧浓度垂向分布的最小值

基于2020年夏季的大面航次观测数据,分析了烟台—威海北部海洋牧场及邻近海域海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布最小值（氧最小值层）的空间分布特征,并探讨了影响因素。从6月至8月,海水溶解氧浓度不断减小,垂向结构亦存在显著变化。海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布的最小值主要集中于7月的近岸海域,最小值大致从外海向近岸方向减小,其距离海底高度及与底层溶解氧浓度之差的绝对值均于双岛湾邻近海域为最大。海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布的最小值位于最强密度层结以下。但是海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布最小值的强度向北减小,而密度层结向北增大,两者的空间分布基本相反,说明密度层结抑制垂向湍流扩散可极大减少深层海水溶解氧的来源,是海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布最小值形成的必要条件,但不是主导因素。在海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布的最小值层,表观耗氧量存在垂向分布的最大值,大部分站点的pH存在垂向分布的最小值,说明局地增强、持续的生物地球化学耗氧是控制海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布最小值形成和空间分布的一个重要过程。研究结果表明氧最小值层是夏季烟台—威海北部近岸海水溶解氧垂向结构的典型特征之一。     

In-situ investigation on real-time suspended sediment measurement techniques: Turbidimetry,acoustic attenuation,laser diffraction (LISST) and vibrating tube densimetry

Real-time measurements of Suspended Sediment mass Concentration(SSC) and Particle Size Distribution(PSD) are of prime importance for the investigation and management of fine-sediment related processes in surface water systems and hydraulic schemes. In a field study at the waterway of the hydropower plant(HPP) Fieschertal in the Swiss Alps, the real-time measurement performance of the following techniques and instruments were assessed based on measurements in the sediment seasons of the years 2013 and 2014:(1) turbidimetry,(2) single-frequency acoustic attenuation using a standard acoustic discharge measurement(ADM) installation,(3) laser diffraction(Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissometry, LISST), and(4) vibrating tube densimetry using a Coriolis Flow and Density Meter(CFDM).Reference SSCs were obtained from gravimetric analysis of 219 automatically pumped water samples.LISST additionally supplied PSD every minute. The median particle diameter, d_(50), was usually 15μm and increased occasionally to 100μm. The turbidimeter and the ADM underestimated the SSC when the transported particles were coarser than usual. Such temporary biases resulted from the poor correlation between d_(50) and SSC at this study site. The SSCs from CFDM and LISST were not or less biased by PSD variations. Mainly due to angular and flaky particle shapes, SSC from LISST needed a correction by 79% on average. With the usually prevailing silt particles, an optical path length of 5 mm and no dilution, the SSC measurement range of LISST was limited to about 1.5 g/l. The CFDM allowed measuring higher SSC than the other investigated instruments(e.g. up to 13.5 g/l). With a periodic offset correction, its relative SSC measurement uncertainty was 20% for SSC≥ 1.5 g/I. To reliably measure a wide range of SSC with temporarily variable PSD, a combination of instruments is recommended: e.g. a standard LISST, a CFDM,and an automatic water sampler for gravimetric reference measurements.     

汤西断裂带土壤气体地球化学特征与跨断层短水准变化的关系

为探究卫辉西代村跨断层短水准出现的趋势性变化与断裂活动间的相关性,在跨断层水准观测场地布设1条土壤气Rn和H2浓度测线,复测周期与跨断层水准测量周期基本一致,分别于2018年4月、7月、10月开展3期土壤气Rn和H2浓度测量.同时,为增加观测数据的可靠性,于2018年8月布设了1条与上述3期测线平行的测线并开展土壤气Rn和H2浓度测量.4期土壤气H2浓度测量结果显示,该区土壤气H2浓度背景值处于较低水平,H2浓度异常值所处位置主要集中在距起点150—210 m处,该处为断裂通过处.4期中Rn浓度最大值、背景值和均值的变化幅度均在正常范围内,Rn浓度异常值所处位置也主要集中在距起点150—210 m处,该处可能为断裂通过处.土壤气显示的断裂通过处与该区探槽显示的断裂位置一致.4期土壤气测量结果表明,近期汤西断裂带可能处于相对稳定状态,跨断层水准观测数据的趋势性变化与断裂活动之间相关性不大.     

考虑采砂影响的鄱阳湖丰水期悬浮泥沙浓度模拟

针对受采砂活动影响显著的鄱阳湖高浑浊水体,结合数值模拟和遥感技术,利用已有的鄱阳湖采砂区遥感监测结果,在构建的鄱阳湖水动力-悬浮泥沙输移模型中添加泥沙点源,对2011年7月1-31日采砂影响下的鄱阳湖丰水期悬浮泥沙浓度进行数值模拟.利用悬浮泥沙浓度实测数据和MODIS影像反演结果对模拟结果的有效验证表明,考虑采砂影响后,悬浮泥沙浓度模拟值与实测值具有强相关关系,确定性系数为0.831,均方根误差为15.5 mg/L,悬浮泥沙浓度空间分布趋势与遥感反演结果基本一致.模拟结果显示,采砂活动对鄱阳湖南部主湖区、河流入湖口影响较小,其主要影响由南向北,经棠荫以西和松门山岛以北航道、入江水道延伸到湖口区域,是鄱阳湖北湖区高浑浊水体形成的重要原因.     

典型城市河道氮、磷自净能力影响因素

以典型城市河道(苏州官渎花园内河)为研究对象,通过室内和室外模拟实验,研究不同污染物浓度、流速、曝气复氧、渗滤作用和温度对氮、磷自净能力的影响,结果表明:水体中氮、磷的自净作用受污染物浓度、流速、溶解氧浓度、温度和微生物等多种因素的影响.随着污染物浓度的增加,氨氮和硝态氮降解速率增加,而底泥中磷的总体吸附速率却增大.与静止水体相比,模拟河道通过增加流速、曝气复氧、渗滤作用能增强水体氮磷的自净能力,提高氮、磷降解速率.其中,改变流速后自净参数氨氮和总磷增量分别为17.05%和34.85%;曝气复氧后自净参数氨氮和总磷增量分别为8.35%和59.33%;增加微生物量(渗滤作用)后自净参数氨氮和总磷增量分别为50.00%和23.01%.自然条件下,随着温度的上升,氨氮和总氮的降解系数逐渐增大,总磷的降解系数逐渐减小.     

基于筛分水平浓度法的洞庭湖沉积物质量基准初步分析

基于2013 2015年调查获取的129个洞庭湖表层沉积物和底栖生物的调查数据,应用筛分水平浓度法初步探讨了洞庭湖沉积物几种重金属沉积物质量基准的推荐值.结果表明,洞庭湖沉积物砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)和锌(Zn)含量均值为17.2、2.63、56.9、32.4、38.4和96.3 mg/kg(DW);筛分水平浓度法获取的洞庭湖沉积物As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn质量基准分别为11.97、1.13、42.03、19.17、23.63和67.54 mg/kg(DW).通过与不同国家及地区指定的重金属质量基准推荐值以及本地区采用其他方法推导的重金属基准推荐值进行比较,推算出本研究获取的6种重金属沉积物质量基准推荐值接近所有数据的中间值.对于洞庭湖流域,不同方法获取的沉积物重金属质量基准具有可比性.然而,鉴于用于推导沉积物质量基准的数据采集涉及的区域较为有限,且除了重金属污染外,影响底栖生物分布的因素较为复杂,导致获取的沉积物重金属质量基准推荐值存在一定的不确定性.     

Evaluating debris-flow and anthropogenic disturbance on 10Be concentration in mountain drainage basins: implications for functional connectivity and denudation rates across time scales

We examine the sensitivity of ¹⁰Be concentrations (and derived denudation rates), to debris-flow and anthropogenic perturbations in steep settings of the Eastern Alps, and explore possible relations with structural geomorphic connectivity. Using cosmogenic ¹⁰Be as a tracer for functional geomorphic connectivity, we conduct sampling replications across four seasons in Gadria, Strimm and Allitz Creek. Sampling sites encompass a range of structural connectivity configurations, including the conditioning of a sackung, all assessed through a geomorphometric index (IC). By combining information on contemporary depth of erosion and sediment yield, disturbance history and post-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) sedimentation rates, we constrain the effects of debris-flow disturbance on ¹⁰Be concentrations at the Gadria sites. Here, we argue that bedrock weakening imparted by the sackung promotes high depth of erosion. Consequently, debris flows recruit sediment beyond the critical depth of spallogenic production (e.g., >3 m), which in turn, episodically, due to predominantly muogenic production pathways, lowers ¹⁰Be concentration by a factor of 4, for at least 2 years. In contrast, steady erosion in Strimm Creek yields very stable ¹⁰Be concentrations through time. In Allitz Creek, we observe two- to fourfold seasonal fluctuations in ¹⁰Be concentrations, which we explain as the combined effects of water diversion and hydraulic structures on sediment mixing. We further show that ¹⁰Be concentration correlates inversely with the IC index, where sub-basins characterized by high concentrations (long residence times) exhibit low IC values (structurally disconnected) and vice versa, implying that, over millennial time scales a direct relation exists between functional and structural connectivity, and that the IC index performed as a suitable metric for structural connectivity. The index performs comparably better than other metrics (i.e., mean slope and mean normalized channel steepness index) previously used to assess topographic controls on denudation rates in active unglaciated ranges. In terms of landscape evolution, we argue that the sackung, by favouring intense debris-flow activity across the Holocene, has aided rapid postglacial reshaping of the Gadria basin, which currently exhibits a topographic signature characteristic of unglaciated debris-flow systems. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.