Pilot-scale field model tests for detecting landfill leachate intrusion into the subsurface using a grid-net electrical conductivity measurement system

The grid-net electrical conductivity measurement system for detecting exact locations of landfill leachate intrusion in the subsurface was developed in this study. Laboratory and pilot-scale field model tests were performed to evaluate the direct application of a grid-net electrical conductivity measurement system for the detection of landfill leachate. A significant increase in electrical conductivity of soil was observed by adding landfill leachate. This can be explained as an increase in electrical conductivity of pore fluid due to an increase in leachate constituents as charge carriers. In pilot-scale field model tests, leachate intrusion locations were accurately identified at the initial stage of landfill leachate release by the grid-net electrical conductivity measurement system. The electrical conductivity of the subsurface before leachate injection lay within a small range of 24.8–43.0 S/cm. The electrical conductivity values in detected points were approximately ten times more than the conductivity values of the subsurface without landfill leachate intrusion. The results in this study indicate that the grid-net electrical conductivity measurement method has a possible application for detecting locations of landfill leachate intrusion into the subsurface at the initial stage, and thus has great potential in monitoring leachate leakage at waste landfills.     

首次回击具有双接地点的地闪光学和电学特征的个例分析

利用成像率为1000幅／s的数字化高速摄像系统和时间分辨率为1μs的快、慢天线闪电电场变化测量仪在广州附近观测到一次首次回击具有两个接地点的负极性地闪。两个分支到达地面的时间间隔约为30μs;在发生回击R2时,其中一个分支的直窜先导发展成为企图先导。观测发现M一分量的发光要比梯级先导强;回击间的K一变化与云中的在击穿和通道的延伸有关,但不引起云地间通道的发光。光学和电场变化的同步观测证实了直窜一梯级先导的发展速度与前一次回击的时间间隔有关,较快的先导发展速度对应于较短的回击时间间隔,较慢的发展速度对应于较长的回击时间间隔。另外,本文在资料分析的基础上,提出了产生双接地点的四种可能原因。     

宁夏海原大震区西安州—韦州剖面大地电磁探测与研究

对穿过宁夏海原大震区西安州(N36.5°,E105.5°)北至同心县韦州(N37.28°,E106.48°)的大地电磁测深剖面，采用远参考道大地电磁方法进行测量和资料处理，得到高精度的数据如视电阻率、阻抗相位、二维偏离度、最佳主轴方位角等. 依据这些数据，对测区的电性结构进行了定性分析和二维定量反演解释. 结果表明，沿剖面可以分成5个电性区块，与西、南华山隆起(Ⅰ)、兴仁堡—海原盆地(Ⅱ)、中卫—清水河盆地(Ⅲ)、中宁—红寺堡盆地(Ⅳ)和鄂尔多斯西缘带(Ⅴ)对应，各区块的边界由大断裂构成. 地表到深度10km左右，西、南华山隆起和鄂尔多斯西缘带呈高阻特性，兴仁堡—海原、中卫—清水河、中宁—红寺堡三个盆地的电阻率较低且呈盆地凹陷形状，盆地基底显示为西南深东北浅的簸箕状起伏形态，基底最深约为8km. 西、南华山隆起、中卫—清水河盆地和鄂尔多斯西缘带的下地壳为“正常”电阻率结构. 兴仁堡—海原和中宁—红寺堡盆地的下地壳上部为“异常”低电阻率带. 1920年的海原大震区存在明显的电性结构差异，震区西南侧和上部区域为相对高阻，东北侧和下部区域为相对低阻.     

测井曲线标定有机碳方法在苏北盆地的应用

测井曲线标定有机碳技术方法是一种不同于传统地球化学测试得到的有机碳方法，它根据烃源岩内有机质的含量在测井曲线上具有一定的特征响应，通过地球物理测井手段鉴别与提取这些特征属性，再利用测井曲线标定的有机碳含量关系式进行计算，从而得到准确的有机碳含量。这种方法既简便易行又准确可靠，与传统地球化学测试得到的有机碳方法具有良好的对应性。通过对苏161井阜四段、苏169井阜三段烃源岩测井标定有机碳含量与实测值的对比性研究，表明在苏北盆地用测井资料计算的有机碳来补充取心资料的不足，从而对该地区地下油气进行分析具有切实的可行性和较好的适用性。     

综合物探方法在DQ地区地热勘查中的应用

DQ市国土资源局在目标区内投入重磁电综合物探方法进行地热勘查。通过适合城市施工的测网布设与高精度的数据采集，结合地质地球物理特征的资料处理和针对地热目标的异常提取，解释该区水文构造地质条件与地热远景预测，提出地热开发的有利井位。并以近期施工的钻井试水情况，阐明综合物探方法在地热资源勘查中的有效应用。     

地质取样班报数字化面向对象开发及其应用

海洋地质调查中，传统的取样班报记录方式越来越不适应数字化技术的发展，本文就地质取样班报数字化技术进行探讨，并介绍了采用delphi语言开发的地质取样数字班报系统的结构、功能特点、系统配置、操作方法及其在海洋地质调查中的应用。     

电阻率测井数值模拟的新型混合法

混合法是近年来计算电阻率测井响应的有效方法,该方法是一种半解析、半数值解法,在轴对称多层介质中,一般采用径向数值、纵向解析的方法;纵向解析时采用反射阵和透射阵理论。笔者利用地层界面电磁场的连续性条件,对纵向解析部分进行了改进,推导出了相邻层之间上行波和下行波的递推关系,并用同一电极系和地层模型进行了计算,其结果与原方法和FEM方法的计算结果是一致的。     

利用ERT数据推求非均质多孔介质渗透系数初探

高密度电阻率成像法（ERT）能通过改变间距来对不同尺度上的地质体特征进行描述，近年来广泛地应用于地质、工程等领域。本文从电流场和渗流场的相似性出发来研究电阻率和渗透系数之间的关系，简要介绍了利用ERT技术所得的电阻率数据推求渗透系数的基本原理，并利用张家港大新和塘桥两处的ERT测量数据推求出渗透系数。与两地抽水试验结果和岩性取样分析的结果分别进行对比，结果较为吻合。     

Continuous scanning of the mobility and size distribution of charged clusters and nanometer particles in atmospheric air and the Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzer BSMA

Measuring of charged nanometer particles in atmospheric air is a routine task in research on atmospheric electricity, where these particles are called the atmospheric ions. An aspiration condenser is the most popular instrument for measuring atmospheric ions. Continuous scanning of a mobility distribution is possible when the aspiration condenser is connected as an arm of a balanced bridge. Transfer function of an aspiration condenser is calculated according to the measurements of geometric dimensions, air flow rate, driving voltage, and electric current. The most complicated phase of the calibration is the estimation of the inlet loss of ions due to the Brownian deposition. The available models of ion deposition on the protective inlet screen and the inlet control electrofilter have the uncertainty of about 20%. To keep the uncertainty of measurements low the adsorption should not exceed a few tens of percent. The online conversion of the mobility distribution to the size distribution and a correct reduction of inlet losses are possible when air temperature and pressure are measured simultaneously with the mobility distribution. Two instruments called the Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzers (BSMA) were manufactured and tested in routine atmospheric measurements. The concentration of atmospheric ions of the size of about a few nanometers is very low and a high air flow rate is required to collect enough of ion current. The air flow of 52 l/s exceeds the air flow in usual aerosol instruments by 2–3 orders of magnitude. The high flow rate reduces the time of ion passage to 60 ms and the heating of air in an analyzer to 0.2 K, which suppresses a possible transformation of ions inside the instrument. The mobility range of the BSMA of 0.032–3.2 cm² V^− 1 s^− 1 is logarithmically uniformly divided into 16 fractions. The size distribution is presented by 12 fractions in the diameter range of 0.4–7.5 nm. The measurement noise of a fraction concentration is typically about 5 cm^− 3 and the time resolution is about 10 min when measuring simultaneously both positive and negative ions in atmospheric air.     

电阻率层析成像在沈阳市地震活断层探测中的应用

本文介绍了在沈阳市活断层探测中应用电阻率层析成像方法取得的结果。,认为应用该方法在目标区可以较准确地探测断层的几何结构和物理特征,为沈阳市活断层探测与地震危险性评价研究提供了准确可靠的物探依据。