Detection of sinkholes using 2D electrical resistivity imaging

Sinkholes in dolomitic areas are notoriously difficult geophysical targets, and selecting an appropriate geophysical solution is not straightforward. Electrical resistivity imaging, or tomography (RESTOM) is well suited to mapping sinkholes because of the ability of the technique for detecting resistive features and discriminating subtle resistivity variations. RESTOM surveys were conducted at two sinkhole sites near Pretoria, South Africa. The survey areas are located in the dolomites of the Lyttelton Formation, which forms part of the Malamani Subgroup and Chuniespoort Group of the Transvaal Supergroup. The survey results suggest that RESTOM is an ideal geophysical tool to aid in the detection and monitoring of sinkholes and other subsurface cavities.     

电阻率三维反演方法研究进展

系统分析了当前几种主要的电阻率三维反演方法，重点讨论高密度电阻率方法，论述了每种方法的优缺点及最新研究进展状况，提出了进一步研究的方向。     

神经网络反演双侧向电阻率测井曲线的物理约束

以一种新型高分辨率双侧向测井仪器在二维轴对称地层模型中的模拟响应为训练集训练BP神经网络，得到了针对该双侧向测井仪的反演网络模型。在训练中，神经网络结构的确定一般采用交叉验证法，但这种验证法经验性的成分偏重，不能完全解决网络结构的范化问题。为此，本文在模型的训练中，在交叉验证的基础上，根据双侧向测井的原理和仪器响应特性，提出了一种新的物理约束方法；反演地层电阻率的误差应随着侵入半径的增加而加大，违反此规律的模型不予采纳。理论研究结果表明，由此得到的神经网络模型具有很好的范化能力。     

Diffusion and mobility of electrically conducting defects in olivine

 Electrical conductivity of lherzolite (65% olivine), measured as a function of time after changes in the oxygen fugacity (f _o2) of the surrounding CO₂/CO atmosphere, is used to infer the diffusivity of the point defects responsible for conduction in olivine. A total of 63 equilibration runs at temperatures of 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 ^∘C were fit using nonlinear parameter estimation to recover time constants (directly related to diffusivity) and conductivity steps. An observed f _o2 dependence in the time constants associated with re-equilibration implies two defect species of fixed diffusivity but with f _o2-dependent concentrations. Although the rate-limiting step may not necessarily be associated with a conducting defect, when time constants are converted to diffusivities, the magnitudes and activation energies agree extremely well with the model for magnesium vacancies (the slower species) and small polarons (holes localized on Fe³⁺) derived by Constable and Roberts (1997). This earlier study used an independent method of simultaneous modeling of thermopower and electrical conductivity as a function of f _o2 and temperature, on data from a different type of sample (a dunite). We observe that at high f _o2 where polarons dominate over magnesium vacancies in the defect population, re-equilibration is dominated by magnesium vacancy diffusion, and vice versa (at low f _o2 magnesium vacancies dominate and re-equilibration proceeds at the faster rate associated with polaron mobility). We interpret this to suggest association between the cation vacancies and polarons, as has been suggested by Tsai and Dieckmann (1997), making the concentration of the minority defect the rate-limiting step in the oxidation/reduction reactions. Received: 18 October 2000 / Accepted: 7 May 2002     

我国隧道地质超前预报技术述评

隧道地质超前预报在隧道施工开挖中起着关键性作用,同时也是工程地球物理界所面临的一大技术难题.本文回顾了我国主要隧道地质超前预报技术（隧道地震预报系统、水平声波剖面法、陆地声纳法、地质雷达法、红外探水法、超前钻探法和超前平导法）的历史,介绍了它们近年来的研究进展;分析了其现状及在几何结构成像、物性结构反演成像和复杂地质体结构探测中存在的不足;指出了当前亟待解决的基础理论研究、正反演研究、多参数综合利用、建立三维可视化的预测预警系统等问题并提出了解决这些问题的基本设想.     

地电阻率（ρs）变化主轴方向计算与地震预报

本文给出地电阻率（ρｓ）变化主轴方向Ｘｐ、Ｙｐ的计算方法,并通过对四平地震台、台安中实测地电阻 变化主轴Ｘｐ、Ｙｐ方向计算,模拟现代区域构造应力场。     

Electric field data in inductive source electromagnetic surveys

Measurement of the electric field data due to an inductive loop source in a controlled source electromagnetic survey is not common, because electric field data, usually involving grounded electrodes, are expensive to acquire and difficult to interpret. With the recently developed capability of versatile three‐dimensional inversion, we revisit the idea of measuring electric field in a large ground loop survey for mineral exploration. The three‐dimensional modelling and inversion approach helps us quantitatively understand the detectability and recoverability of the proposed survey configuration. Our detectability study using forward modelling shows that the relative anomaly (percentage difference) in electric field does not decay with a lower induction number, but the conventional magnetic field data (dB/dt) does. Our recoverability study examines how much and what kind of information can be extracted from electric field data for the reconstruction of a three‐dimensional model. Synthetic inversions show the following observations. (i) Electric field data are good at locating lateral discontinuity, whereas dB/dt has better depth resolution. (ii) Electric field is less sensitive to the background conductivity and, thus, is prone to misinterpretation because of a bad initial model in inversion. We recommend warm‐starting the electric field inversion with an initial model from a separate dB/dt inversion. (iii) Electric field data may be severely contaminated by near‐surface heterogeneity, but an inversion can recover the deep target concealed by the geologic noise. (iv) Even one line of single‐component electric field data can greatly improve the horizontal resolution in a dB/dt inversion. Finally, we investigate a field dataset of both electric field and dB/dt measurements at a uranium deposit. The field example confirms that the electric field and magnetic field data contain independent information that is crucial in the accurate recovery of subsurface conductivity. Our synthetic and field examples demonstrate the benefit of acquiring electric field data along with magnetic field data in an inductive source survey.     

基于中速-高速摩擦实验研究含碳断层带的电导率特征

野外地质调查结果显示,断层带常富集碳质.断层带中碳的分布结构是影响断层带电导率特征的一种重要参数.本文在室温、室内湿度和2MPa正应力条件下,对不同石墨含量(3,5,6和7wt%)的石英-石墨混合断层泥模拟样品开展了滑动速率介于500μm·s-1～1m·s-1的摩擦实验及相应的电导率测量,以期研究断层运动对碳分布结构的影响以及断层带电性特征对碳含量及分布的响应情况.结果显示,摩擦滑动能够显著地改变样品的电性特征(电导率大小及其各向异性).在平行滑动面方向(径向),样品电导率随着滑动位移的增加快速增加,在滑动约数十厘米之后,其电导率基本达到稳定状态;在垂直滑动面方向(轴向),样品电导率基本不随摩擦滑动速率和滑动距离而变化.SEM显微结构观测显示,摩擦滑动所引起的电导率各向异性直接反映了石墨分布结构的变化.该研究结果深化了对地震断裂带浅部电性特征的认识,为野外断层带大地电磁测深资料的解释提供了约束,同时对于了解含碳断层的力学性质和弱矿物相在剪切变形中的分布特征及其演化过程等方面也具有重要意义.     

延庆台井下小极距地电阻率观测系统分析

随着经济建设的发展, 地电阻率定点观测区环境被干扰严重影响观测质量, 装置系统在地表布设的工作方式难以取得有效观测和持续发展, 因此装置系统向井下深部布设受到人们关注。 同时, 地表大极距观测方式难以持续发展, 也促使地电阻率定点观测向井下小极距观测方式发展。 井下小极距观测相比地表大极距观测占地面积小, 能较好地排除或减弱地表测区环境干扰对观测结果的影响, 既能适应经济发展的需要, 又能较好地为地震监测服务。 2018年, 在总结已建井下地电阻率台站布极方式和建设工艺的基础上, 新建延庆台井下小极距地电阻率观测。 本文重点分析了延庆台井下小极距地电阻率观测装置系统建设中的几个关键问题, 如水平向和垂直向观测相结合、 布极方式、 电极制作和埋设深度等装置系统技术过程, 以及水平向和垂直向观测装置系数的计算等。 延庆台建设较好地获得了近全空间观测布设, 从理论上解决了井下小极距地电阻率建设的难点, 为将来要进行井下小极距地电阻率观测装置系统建设的台站提供参考。     

地磁垂直分量Z日变幅逐日比及其与磁暴和地震的关系

地磁垂直分量Z日变幅逐日比是基于变化磁场在地球电导率的作用下会产生一个与变化磁场相反的感应磁场, 该感应磁场不仅包含了外空磁场的信息, 还包含了地下电导率的信息。 因此, 相对于地磁场其他成分来说Z分量更多地反应了地下活动的变化, 逐日比是利用前后两日地磁Z分量日变幅相比来提取该异常现象, 但磁暴可能会对逐日比异常判定产生影响。 我们取1984年至今江苏区域范围达到逐日比异常判定指标的29个事件结合磁暴以及该异常事件之后和地震的对应关系进行统计分析。 研究发现, 无磁暴时逐日比异常和预测范围内地震对应关系达到0.77, 有磁暴时逐日比异常和地震对应关系为0.25。 综合分析认为逐日比异常事件发生后, 若该日无磁暴或者Dst指数小于异常第二日, 那么该异常为地震前兆的可能性大概为0.8, 反之则该异常有可能是磁暴的影响而不是来自于地下活动的影响, 需结合其他前兆分析方法进行综合分析, 该研究增强了逐日比异常判定地震地磁前兆信息的可靠性。