Analysing seismic-source mechanisms by linear-programming methods

Summary. Linear-programming methods are powerful and efficient tools for objectively analysing seismic focal mechanisms and are applicable to a wide range of problems, including tsunami warning and nuclear explosion identification. The source mechanism is represented as a point in the six-dimensional space of moment-tensor components. Each observed polarity provides an inequality constraint, linear with respect to the moment tensor components, that restricts the solution to a half-space bounded by a hyperplane passing through the origin. The intersection of these half-spaces is the convex set of all acceptable solutions. Using linear programming, a solution consistent with the polarity constraints can be obtained that maximizes or minimizes any desired linear function of the moment tensor components; the dilatation, the thrust-like nature, and the strike-slip-like nature of an event are examples of such functions. The present method can easily be extended to fit observed seismic-wave amplitudes (either signed or absolute) subject to polarity constraints, and to assess the range of mechanisms consistent with a set of measured amplitudes.     

Elastodynamic and elastostatic Green tensors for homogeneous weak transversely isotropic media

An explicit analytical formula for the complete elastodynamic Green tensor for homogeneous unbounded weak transversely isotropic media is presented. The formula was derived by analytical calculations of higher-order approximations of the ray series. The ray series is finite and consists of seven non-zero terms. The formula for the Green tensor is complete and correct for the whole frequency range, thus it describes correctly the wavefield at all distances and at all directions including the shear-wave singularity direction. The Green tensor consists of P, SV and SH far-field waves and four coupling waves. Three of them couple P and SV waves, and the fourth wave couples the SV and SH waves. The P-SV coupling waves behave similarly to the near-field waves in isotropy. However, the SV-SH coupling wave, which is called 'shear-wave coupling', behaves exceptionally and it has no analogy in the Green tensor for isotropy. The formula for the elastostatic Green tensor is also derived.     

A Bayesian approach to estimating tectonic stress from seismological data

Earthquakes are conspicuous manifestations of tectonic stress, but the non-linear relationships between the stresses acting on a fault plane, its frictional slip, and the ensuing seismic radiation are such that a single earthquake by itself provides little information about the ambient state of stress. Moreover, observational uncertainties and inherent ambiguities in the nodal planes of earthquake focal mechanisms preclude straightforward inferences about stress being drawn on the basis of individual focal mechanism observations. However, by assuming that each earthquake in a small volume of the crust represents a single, uniform state of stress, the combined constraints imposed on that stress by a suite of focal mechanism observations can be estimated. Here, we outline a probabilistic (Bayesian) technique for estimating tectonic stress directions from primary seismological observations. The Bayesian formulation combines a geologically motivated prior model of the state of stress with an observation model that implements the physical relationship between the stresses acting on a fault and the resultant seismological observation. We show our Bayesian formulation to be equivalent to a well-known analytical solution for a single, errorless focal mechanism observation. The new approach has the distinct advantage, however, of including (1) multiple earthquakes, (2) fault plane ambiguities, (3) observational errors and (4) any prior knowledge of the stress field. Our approach, while computationally demanding in some cases, is intended to yield reliable tectonic stress estimates that can be confidently compared with other tectonic parameters, such as seismic anisotropy and geodetic strain rate observations, and used to investigate spatial and temporal variations in stress associated with major faults and coseismic stress perturbations.     

横观各向同性层状半空间中的弹性位错

本文在柱向量函数系下,利用传播矩阵法求解了层状横观各向同性半空间由内部点源位锚引起的变形;对六个基本点源位错,以等价体力法推出了横观各向同性情形下的点源函数,并且给出了内部任意剪切位错源引起的地表位移的积分表达式。为研究地球的层状结构,特别是其上部的横观各向同性对地表的地震位移、应变以及倾斜场的影响提供了计算公式。     

层状横向各向同性介质反问题初探

用偏微分方程组特征理论研究层状并以垂直轴为对称轴的横向各向同性（TIV）介质的参数反演问题,首先从弹性波运动方程与TIV介质的应力－应变关系导出了平面波耦合方程组的特征型．根据奇性分析与特征积分法给出了连续情形下的特征线边界条件,连续清形下的波场延拓方程即平面波耦合方程组的特征型与特征线边界条件组成了层状TIV平滑介质、弱间断介质参数反演问题的基本方程组．并导出了间断情形下的波场延拓方程与特征线边界条件,这些方程组可用于层状介质（间断情况）的参数反演．基于这些基本方程组,探讨了利用地面多分量地震资料反演层状TIV介质多个弹性参数的问题．     

在三轴压缩下大理岩循环加载实验的初步研究

在围压10、50、100和200MPa,应变率5×10-5/s和室温条件下,采用山东掖县大理岩岩样,在800t高温高压伺服三轴流变仪上进行了连续加载和循环加载实验.对岩样的残余强度和弹性模量的变化等问题进行了初步研究.得出:在低围压下（<100MPa）,残余强度与超过极限强度后的循环加载次数有关;超过极限强度后加载弹性模量随着非弹性应变的增加而减小,并趋于一个极限值.在高围压下（≥100MPa）,残余强度几乎与超过极限强度后的循环加载次数无关;超过极限强度或者产生应变强化后加载弹性模量几乎不随非弹性应变的增加而减小.     

矩形棱柱体重力位三阶梯度张量正演计算公式

基于位场理论推导出矩形棱柱体重力位三阶梯度张量正演计算的解析公式,采用理论模型对比解析公式与重力位二阶梯度张量中心差分的计算结果,并以是否满足拉普拉斯方程作为检验标准,对推导公式的正确性进行验证。     

Moment tensor inversion and source rupture process of the September 27, 2003 M_S=7.9 earthquake occurred in the border area of China, Russia and Mongolia

IntroductionOn September 27, 2003, an earthquake of MS=7.9 struck the border area of China, Russia and Mongolia. According to the field investigation from the Earthquake Administration of XinjiangAutonomous Region, the whole northern Tianshan region felt the hit. Buildings and structures within six counties and one city in Altay region, which is total about 0.11×106 km2 area, were damaged to different extent and caused certain economic losses. The epicenter determined by China National …