FOCAL MECHANISM OF THE AUGUST 8, M7.0 SICHUAN JIUZHAIGOU AND AUGUST 9, M6.6 XINJIANG JINGHE EARTHQUAKES OF 2017

The W-phase is a long period phase arriving between the P and S wave phases of a seismic source, theoretically representing the total near-and far-field long-period wave-field. Recent study suggests that the reliable source properties of earthquake with magnitude greater than ~M_W4.5 can be rapidly inverted by using the W-phase waveform data. With the advantage of W-phase, most of major earthquake research institutes in the world have adopted the W-phase based inversion method to routinely assess focal mechanism of earthquake, such as the USGS and GFZ. In this study, the focal mechanism of the August 8, 2017 M7.0 Sichuan Jiuzhaigou and August 9, 2017 M6.6 Xinjiang Jinghe earthquakes were investigated by W-phase moment tensor inversion technique using global seismic event waveform recordings provided by Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, Data Management Center. To get reliable focal mechanism, we strictly select raw waveform data and carry out inversion in stages. At first, we discard waveform without correct instrument information. Then we carry out an initial inversion using selected waveform data to get primary results. Using the preliminary results as input, we carry out grid-search based inversion to find the final optimal source parameters. The inverted results indicate that the August 8, M7.0 Sichuan Jiuzhaigou shock resulted from rupturing on a NW-trending normal fault with majority of strike-slip movement. The parameters of two nodal planes are strike 152.7°, dip 61.4°, rake -4.8° and strike 245.0°, dip 85.8°, rake -151.3° respectively, and focal depth is 14.0km. The August 9, Xinjiang Jinghe M6.6 shock resulted from rupturing on a south-dipping thrust fault with left-lateral strike-slip. The parameters of two nodal planes are strike 100.6°, dip 27.5°, rake 114.1° and strike 259.3°, dip 65.1°, rake 78.0°, and the focal depth is 16.0km. The direction of two nodal planes is consistent with regional seismotectonic background.     

基于遗传算法的大地电磁阻抗张量分解方法研究

本文针对Groom-Bailey分解法在消除地表电性不均匀体对MT数据的畸变效应时存在的问题引入遗传算法,对基于传统线性最优化方法的GB分解算法进行改进,提出基于遗传算法的大地电磁阻抗张量分解方法.通过对理论合成数据以及三维/二维模型正演数据的分解试验,并且对青藏高原北缘阿尔金断裂地区实际MT数据进行分解处理,证明了基于遗传算法的GB分解能够更加有效地校正三维/二维情况下近地表三维电性不均匀体所造成的畸变影响.最后,在已有算法基础上,研究了基于遗传算法的多频率GB分解算法和MT数据静校正算法,并通过实际MT数据的处理证明了这些算法的有效性.     

磁共振弥散张量成像在早期帕金森病诊断中的应用研究

目的:探讨磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）在早期帕金森病（PD）诊断中的价值。方法:选取早期PD患者18例、正常志愿者18例,同时行头部MRI平扫及DTI检查,观察两组双侧丘脑、尾状核头、黑质、壳核及苍白球的FA值、ADC值。结果:两组间双侧丘脑、尾状核头及黑质的FA值比较,早期PD组较对照组减低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组间壳核及苍白球的FA值比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组间各感兴趣区（ROI）的ADC值差异无统计学意义。结论:丘脑、尾状核头及黑质的FA值有助于PD的早期诊断,DTI可为PD的早期诊断提供有价值的线索。      

Effective medium theory and multiple linear regression-based velocity estimation in syn-rift clastic sequence of the Krishna–Godavari basin,India

An inclusion model, based on the Kuster–Toksöz effective medium theory along with Gassmann theory, is tested to forward model velocities for fluid-saturated rocks. A simulated annealing algorithm, along with the inclusion model, effectively inverts measured compressional velocity (V_P) to achieve an effective pore aspect ratio at each depth in a depth variant manner, continuously along with depth. Early Cretaceous syn-rift clastic sediments at two different depth intervals from two wells [well A (2160–2274 m) and well B (5222–5303 m)], in the Krishna–Godavari basin, India, are used for this study. Shear velocity (V_S) estimated using modelled pore aspect ratio offers a high correlation coefficient (>0.95 for both the wells) with measured data. The modelled pore aspect ratio distribution suggests the decrease in pore aspect ratio for the deeper interval, mainly due to increased effective vertical stress. The pore aspect ratio analysis in relation to total porosity and volume of clay reveals that the clay volume has insignificant influence in shaping the pore geometry in the studied intervals. An approach based on multiple linear regression method effectively predicts velocity as a linear function of total porosity, the volume of clay and the modelled pore-space aspect ratio of the rock. We achieved a significant match between measured and predicted velocities. The correlation coefficients between measured and modelled velocities are considerably high (approximately 0.85 and 0.8, for V_P and V_S, respectively). This process indicates the possible influence of pore geometry along with total porosity and volume of clay on velocity.     

Experimental study on frequency-dependent elastic properties of weakly consolidated marine sandstone: effects of partial saturation

Investigating seismic dispersion and attenuation characteristics of loosely compacted marine sandstone is essential in reconciling different geophysical measurements (surface seismic, well logging and ultrasonic) for better characterization of a shallow marine sandstone reservoir. We have experimented with a typical high-porosity and high-permeability sandstone sample, extracted from the Paleogene marine depositional setting in the Gulf of Mexico, at the low-frequency band (2–500 Hz) as well as ultrasonic point (10⁶ Hz), to investigate the effects of varying saturation levels on a rock's elasticity. The results suggest that the Young's modulus of the measured sample with adsorbed moisture at laboratory conditions (room temperature, 60%–90% humidity) exhibits dispersive behaviours. The extensional attenuation can be as high as 0.038, and the peak frequency occurs around 60 Hz. The extensional attenuation due to moisture adsorption can be dramatically mitigated with the increase of confining pressure. For partial saturation status, extensional attenuation increases as increasing water saturation by 79% with respect to the measured frequencies. Additionally, the results show that extensional attenuation at the fully water-saturated situation is even smaller than that at adsorbed moisture conditions. The Gassmann–Wood model can overall capture the P-wave velocity-saturation trend of measured data at seismic frequencies, demonstrating that the partially saturated unconsolidated sandstone at the measured seismic frequency range is prone to be in the relaxed status. Nevertheless, the ultrasonic velocities are significantly higher than the Gassmann–Wood predictions, suggesting that the rocks are in the unrelaxed status at the ultrasonic frequency range. The poroelastic modelling results based on the patchy saturation model also indicate that the characteristic frequency of the partially saturated sample is likely beyond the measured seismic frequency range.     

Interaction of multiple courses of wave‐induced fluid flow in layered porous media

Different theoretical and laboratory studies on the propagation of elastic waves in layered hydrocarbon reservoir have shown characteristic velocity dispersion and attenuation of seismic waves. The wave‐induced fluid flow between mesoscopic‐scale heterogeneities (larger than the pore size but smaller than the predominant wavelengths) is the most important cause of attenuation for frequencies below 1 kHz. Most studies on mesoscopic wave‐induced fluid flow in the seismic frequency band are based on the representative elementary volume, which does not consider interaction of fluid flow due to the symmetrical structure of representative elementary volume. However, in strongly heterogeneous media with unsymmetrical structures, different courses of wave‐induced fluid flow may lead to the interaction of the fluid flux in the seismic band; this has not yet been explored. This paper analyses the interaction of different courses of wave‐induced fluid flow in layered porous media. We apply a one‐dimensional finite‐element numerical creep test based on Biot's theory of consolidation to obtain the fluid flux in the frequency domain. The characteristic frequency of the fluid flux and the strain rate tensor are introduced to characterise the interaction of different courses of fluid flux. We also compare the behaviours of characteristic frequencies and the strain rate tensor on two scales: the local scale and the global scale. It is shown that, at the local scale, the interaction between different courses of fluid flux is a dynamic process, and the weak fluid flux and corresponding characteristic frequencies contain detailed information about the interaction of the fluid flux. At the global scale, the averaged strain rate tensor can facilitate the identification of the interaction degree of the fluid flux for the porous medium with a random distribution of mesoscopic heterogeneities, and the characteristic frequency of the fluid flux is potentially related to that of the peak attenuation. The results are helpful for the prediction of the distribution of oil–gas patches based on the statistical properties of phase velocities and attenuation in layered porous media with random disorder.     

弹性矢量波成像域联合层析反演

在地震弹性矢量波场框架下,推导了多波联合层析速度反演方程以及走时残差与角道集剩余曲率的转换关系式,提出了一种利用成像域角道集更新P波、S波速度的走时层析反演方法.其实现过程可以概括为:将弹性波多分量数据作为输入,基于高斯束实现矢量波场成像并提取角道集,利用层析反演方程求解慢度更新量,最终获得多波联合反演结果.模型试算和实际资料处理验证了该方法的反演效果,能够为弹性矢量波联合深度偏移提供高质量的叠前速度场.     

利用多个震源机制解求祁连山西段平均应力场方向

祁连山西段由于受到多个构造块体的共同约束,表现出复杂的地球物理特性和地质特性。本文利用14个中强地震震源机制解和2001-2012年66个中小地震震源机制解分析了区域应力场特征。结果显示,地震的震源性质以走滑和逆冲为主,印证了祁连山西段基本构造变形特征;三个区域应力张量的定量结果显示,最大主压应力σ1方向在NE向,水平挤压作用明显,且具有一定的分区特征,表明局部应力场受到局部构造的影响。     

三峡地区上地壳结构的远震虚震源反射地震成像

远震虚震源反射成像方法利用远震初至波在台网之下地表与地下界面间形成的反射波(PPdp震相)波形资料进行台网地区地震反射结构研究.此方法先用台网各台站的平均初至波形求取震源信号,再用该震源信号与各道地震记录作反褶积从而取得反射剖面.本文介绍了远震虚震源反射成像的基本原理和实现步骤,并以三峡地区的观测资料为例,得到三峡库首区上地壳的反射地震剖面.成像剖面中解释出的四川盆地和秭归盆地的底界面位置和形态与地表地质观测和大地构造背景吻合.为验证虚震源成像的能力,本文使用弹性波正演模拟合成地震数据,经过处理实际资料一样的步骤获得虚震源成像结果.正演模拟表明,叠加多个远震的反射地震剖面可以有效地改善成像的信噪比和连续性;虚震源成像需要选择特定的震源频率范围,以减轻高频噪音以及低频造成的成像问题.在研究上地壳结构时,建议在不适合主动源采集和缺乏低频信号的地区尝试远震虚震源方法.     

各向异性ATI介质剪切位错源地震矩张量

考虑震源区为各向异性ATI介质情形下,给出了剪切位错源地震矩张量解析表达式并模拟了震源区各向异性对双力偶分量(DC)、补偿线性偶极子分量(CLVD)和各向同性分量(ISO)的影响.结果表明,即使剪切位错源仍能产生非双力偶各向同性分量,其导致沿着ATI介质对称轴方向体积变化;当断层面位于ATI介质对称平面或者震源区为各向同性介质时,剪切位错源在辐射意义上才可等效为双力偶机制.