The Potential for Environmentally Sound Development of Marine Deposits of Potassic and Phosphatic Minerals Offshore,Southern Africa

Extensive potassium and phosphorous-rich mineralization occurs on the outer continental shelf of the southern and west coasts of South Africa and Nambia. This article reviews the potential of exploiting these deposits in an environmentally sound manner for the manufacture of fertilizer. At present, reserves of potash and phosphate fertilizer are exploited from terresterial deposits, the majority being surface mined. The use of fertilizer in South Africa has shown no growth in the past 13 years, and, in some years, usage has even declined. On average, over the last decade, South Africa has consumed 2 million Mt of fertilizer (including nitrogen) per annum, the vast majority of phosphate fertilizer being produced by FOSKOR from the Phalaborwa Igneous Complex. Potash fertilizer is imported into South Africa. Although fertilizer consumption is expected to decrease in the short-term, there are good future prospects for the domestic and international fertilizer market. Considerable research into both glauconitic (containing K 2 O) and phosphatic deposits along the southern African continental shelf indicate that these sedimentary deposits have a complex genesis and mineralization. Of the total K 2 O reserves of 1300 million Mt on the southern African margin, 1000 million Mt is located off the southern African west coast, and the remainder situated on the Agulhas Bank. The largest glauconite concentration ( - 300 million Mt K 2 O) off southern Africa lies west of Saldanha Bay, South Africa. The distribution of P 2 O 5 off southern Africa is dominated by the vast deposit between Walvis Bay and Luderitz, Nambia. This reserve is estimated to contain 1000 million Mt of greater than 5% P 2 O 5 in a relatively small area of about 10000 km2. The phosphorite deposit south of Saldanha Bay constitutes a reserve of - 3500 million Mt of apatite and the deposit on the Agulhas Bank comprises 5500 million Mt. The phosphate deposit off Saldanha Bay occurs as an extensive, low to medium grade deposit. Although vast resources of potash and phosphatic minerals occur along the southern African outer continental shelf the expensive nature of marine exploitation may render most of these deposits, especially the phosphates, subeconomic. The low price of fertilizer andextensive natureontheonland deposits, although confined to asmallnumber of countries, mean that it will not be financially viable to extract these deposits. Assuming high grade glauconitic sand with the right composition can be located, the high market price indicates good future prospects for these potash deposits.     

对转压气机三维掠动叶优化设计

为探索三维掠动叶降低对转压气机二次流损失的潜力,进一步提高对转压气机气动性能,基于近似函数与遗传算法,针对某对转压气机双排转子在整机环境下进行三维掠动叶优化设计,并对优化前后流场进行对比分析。优化成功的得到了双排“S”形掠动叶,结果表明:三维掠动叶有效改善了双排动叶吸力面径向二次流,减小了吸力面低速区,提高了对转压气机性能,优化工况点整机效率提高0.6%,全工况范围内效率均有所提高;三维掠动叶提高对转压气机效率的根本原因是其对径向负荷分配的重新调整,将叶展下方流动较差区域负荷移至叶展上方,改善流场的同时保证对转压气机负荷不变。      

“两型社会”背景下长株潭城市群土地利用效率评价

在分析“两型社会”建设与土地利用效率提高之间关系的基础上,构建了“两型社会”背景下的长株潭城市群土地利用效率评价指标体系,并运用熵权法、多目标线性加权函数法和协调度分析等方法对长株潭城市群的土地利用效率进行评价,结果表明：影响城市群土地利用效率提高的主要因素与“两型社会”要求相符,但城市群目前土地利用的整体效率较低,与“两型社会”要求仍有差距;城市群土地利用效率存在一定的区域差异,其中经济效率的差异最大,生态环境效率次之,社会效率和资源集约效率的差异较小,且综合效率在空间上呈以长株潭3市向周边地区递减的格局．     

Stochastic modeling applications for the prediction of COD removal efficiency of UASB reactors treating diluted real cotton textile wastewater

A three-layer Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model (9:12:1) for the prediction of Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal Efficiency (CODRE) of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors treating real cotton textile wastewater diluted with domestic wastewater was presented. To validate the proposed method, an experimental study was carried out in three lab-scale UASB reactors to investigate the treatment efficiency on total COD reduction. The reactors were operated for 80 days at mesophilic conditions (36–37.5°C) in a temperature-controlled water bath with two hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 4.5 and 9.0 days and with organic loading rates (OLR) between 0.072 and 0.602 kg COD/m³/day. Five different dilution ratios of 15, 30, 40, 45 and 60% with domestic wastewater were employed to represent seasonal fluctuations, respectively. The study was undertaken in a pH range of 6.20–8.06 and an alkalinity range of 1,350–1,855 mg/l CaCO₃. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and total suspended solids (TSS) were observed between 420 and 720 mg/l CH₃COOH and 68–338 mg/l, respectively. In the study, a wide range of influent COD concentrations (COD_i) between 651 and 4,044 mg/l in feeding was carried out. CODRE of UASB reactors being output parameter of the conducted anaerobic treatment was estimated by nine input parameters such as HRT, pH, COD_i concentration, operating temperature, alkalinity, VFA concentration, dilution ratio (DR), OLR, and TSS concentration. After backpropagation (BP) training combined with principal component analysis (PCA), the ANN model predicted CODRE values based on experimental data and all the predictions were proven to be satisfactory with a correlation coefficient of about 0.8245. In the ANN study, the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm (LMA) was found as the best of 11 BP algorithms. In addition to determination of the optimal ANN structure, a linear-nonlinear study was also employed to investigate the effects of input variables on CODRE values in this study. Both ANN outputs and linear-nonlinear study results were compared and advantages and further developments were evaluated.     

竖向荷载下矩形闭合地下连续墙桥梁基础群墙效应研究

矩形闭合地下连续墙基础（简称闭合墙基础）是一种新型的桥梁基础。通过室内模型试验,对闭合墙基础的群墙效率、沉降比等进行了研究,同时探讨了闭合墙墙间距（即内侧边长）对群墙效应的影响。试验中采用了2组不同截面尺寸的模型墙,其中A组模型墙边长小于B组模型墙,墙厚和墙高均相同。试验研究表明,闭合墙与单片墙在相同沉降下的荷载比一般都大于1,B组闭合墙荷载比和群墙效率均大于A组闭合墙;闭合墙与单片墙在相同墙顶应力下的位移比和沉降比基本都大于1,A组闭合墙位移比大于B组闭合墙。在保持墙厚和墙高不变的情况下,适当增大闭合墙基础的内侧边长可以有效地提高群墙效率和承载性能,从而获得更好的经济效益。     

基于产业联动的区域经济合作潜力研究——以淮海经济区为例

淮海经济区为典型的欠发达省际边界区,研究其产业合作潜力,对推动跨省经济合作具有重要意义。运用三次产业相似系数、区位熵灰色关联和产业合作潜力模型,得出苏北、鲁南、皖北、豫东四大板块三次产业结构相似系数、各城市产业结构的灰色关联度、各城市不同产业的灰色关联度和徐州与其他19个城市产业合作潜力系数等结果。通过以上结果对该区域的产业结构相似性、产业分工、产业合作潜力进行分析,发现其存在三次产业结构趋同、行业分工逐渐深化、产业合作开始快速发展、基础设施合作潜力最大等问题和特征。     

天山北坡经济带土地利用效益评价

土地利用效益评价是衡量土地利用可持续发展的重要标度。从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益三方面建立天山北坡经济带土地利用效益评价的指标体系,利用熵值法确定各指标权重,对天山北坡经济带1990和2005年的土地利用效益变化及各类效益的协调度进行了综合评价,得出以下主要结论:(1)1990-2005年天山北坡经济带各县市的土地利用综合效益均有所增长,其中克拉玛依的综合效益上升幅度最大,而呼图壁的综合效益上升幅度最小,其余市县呈小幅增长。三大效益子系统在不同的市县具有较大的差异。(2)目前天山北坡经济带11个市县中有6个呈现出不协调状态;4个处于基本协调状态,总体协调状态不理想。1990-2005年的协调度动态变化区域差异明显。沙湾、乌鲁木齐、奎屯和乌苏的协调度呈现上升状态;协调度呈下降态势的是阜康、米泉、玛纳斯、呼图壁和克拉玛依,昌吉和石河子的协调度的变化较小。     

海伦地区粮食生产资源利用系统分析

采用机制法对作物生产潜力模型进行了光、温、水、土逐级订正,对海伦地区的主要粮食生产潜力进行估算;并选取产量衰减量、资源满足率和资源增产潜力三个指标评价了农业资源的利用效率。结果表明,光合生产潜力为16801.4kg/hm2,光温生产潜力为12483.9kg/hm2,气候生产潜力为9799.1kg/hm2,农业自然生产潜力为8248.4 kg/hm2。如果以光温生产潜力作为目标产量,海伦地区尚有74.01%的上升潜力,且玉米的资源增产潜力高于大豆。社会经济因素是影响生产潜力实现的重要因素,自然资源中温度对产量的限制作用最大,其次是水分和土壤。在此基础上结合实地考查,对当地的粮食生产资源进行了系统分析,寻找影响粮食产量持续增长的限制性因素。     

柔性加筋注浆现场模型试验研究

采用现场修筑实体模型试验结合室内土工试验的方法,全程、全断面、实时记录了模型试验中取得的大量数据,研究了预铺柔性管加筋注浆新技术在一定注浆施工工艺参数条件下水平柔性花管注浆实现机制、注浆施工工艺特性及注浆加固范围和效果。文中重点介绍了预铺水平柔性加筋注浆管现场模型试验的试验设计、模型修筑方案及制作、试验测试内容和研究方法。试验结果表明,预铺水平柔性加筋注浆新技术施工工艺简单、加固效果良好,具有很好的开发利用价值。同时,现场大型单点模型试验与现场实际施工条件基本一致,试验所得成果和施工参数能够直接用于实际施工,对回填加固类似工程采用本新技术施工具有一定的借鉴和指导作用。     

福建省工业用地效率分析与集约利用评价

在中国,城乡居民点用地有规范的人均指标,招标拍卖已成为获取经营性用地的主要方式,交通和水利设施用地主要受政府和区域重大政策影响,而工业用地既缺乏相应的用地标准,土地获取的市场透明度又不够.因此,如何提高工业用地效率是土地规划和管理的重要内容.已有的研究多采用指标体系的综合评价方法来评价土地集约利用程度,但缺少经济学原理,应用于具体的规划编制、管理和实施的局限性较大.结合中国福建省案例,提出全要素生产率方法来分析和度量之,既能测算土地集约度,也能说明要素的利用效率,具有简单可操作的优势.文中不知劳动所得比重值情况下的用地效率和集约评价方法也是有效可行的,虽不能排列出要素利用效率的顺序,但可同时给出资本与劳动的投入结构以及对它们利用的效率在各个地区之间的差异情况.案例研究还表明,福建其他地区随着与厦门和福州距离的增加,其投入和产出总的趋势在下降.福州与厦门可与杜能孤立国中的城市类比,而其他地区类似于孤立国中的郊区.因此要考虑土地区位对集约度的影响,但找出其参考点是关键.