COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

Water conservation in the Arab region: a must for survival

The Arab region covers an area over 13 million square kilometers in size, with almost 90% of its area classified as arid or extremely arid with very little precipitation, extremely high evaporation and almost no vegetation cover. The region is classified in many international reports as the poorest region in the world in the context of renewable water resources and critical water scarcity which hinders the socio-economic development of many countries in this region. The rapidly increasing population has reduced the per capita share of renewable water to less than the poverty line of 1,000 m 3 /(capita·a) and, in some Arab countries, to less than the extreme poverty line of 500 m 3 /(capita·a). This has led to over-exploitation of non-renewable groundwater and desalination of salty water in many countries with considerable costs and contamination of many renewable sources. Atmospheric processes responsible for aridity in the Arab region are projected to intensify due to climate change, resulting in an alarming decrease in precipitation and increase in evaporation rates. Many concerned entities in the region consider water security as a key element for food security and ultimately political stability. Hence, various efforts have been exerted to identify key problems and suggested solutions. The Arab Water Ministers Council of the Arab League, as well as Reports of the Arab Forum for the Environment and Development (AFED) and the recommendations of the 13th Regional Meeting of the Arab National Committees of the International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO (IHP), have all made similar recommendations on the need to address the issues of water scarcity in the Arab region which will be further discussed in this paper. However, none of these reports focused on "Water Conservation" as an equally important action for coping with water scarcity in the region. There are many definitions for "Water Conservation" in the scientific literature, including huge water savings from irrigation, industrial use, and domestic use as well as methods and approaches for augmenting water supply through non-conventional practices such as water harvesting and waste water reuse. In this paper, a review is provided for definitions, methods and impacts of water conservation and its role in alleviating water scarcity in the Arab region.     

鄂尔多斯盆地长9烃源岩发育与排烃效率

鄂尔多斯盆地长9优质烃源岩主要集中在志丹—英旺地区,但目前仅在志丹地区发现了典型长9源岩所生原油。对源岩排烃效率的定性和定量研究表明,英旺地区长9烃源岩排烃效率明显低于志丹等其他地区,仅为44%,其余地区平均为82%。排烃效率低应是英旺地区长9原油勘探未能取得突破的重要原因。沉积埋藏史和测井资料研究证实,与其他地区相比,英旺地区地质时期所经历的最大埋深明显较小,由此造成源岩孔隙度较高,残留烃量较大,导致英旺地区排烃效率低。另外,与志丹地区相比,英旺地区单位源岩生烃量较小,由此会造成其残烃量相对较高,这也是造成英旺地区排烃效率较低的一个原因。     

合水地区长6油层微观渗流特征及驱油效率影响因素研究

对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长6油层组超低渗透储层的微观渗流特征及驱油效率影响因素进行深入研究,为提高采收率提供了科学依据。研究以真实砂岩微观模型渗流实验为主要手段,结合铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞等方法对孔隙结构、岩石类型等进行测试。研究表明,研究区长6油层的渗流特征以网状驱替和均匀驱替为主,指状驱替甚少;不同的驱替类型对应不同的最终驱油效率,均匀驱替模型最终驱油效率最高,指状驱替模型最低。储层物性中渗透率是影响驱油效率的主要因素,孔隙度次之;适当地提高驱替压力能够有效地提高驱油效率;提高注水体积倍数也能适当地提高驱油效率;非均质性对驱油效率也有一定的影响。     

迁安红山铁矿破碎复杂地层钻探施工技

简述了河北省迁安市红山铁矿详查矿区地层坚硬、破碎等复杂特点和地层的岩性情况,总结了该矿区破碎复杂地层绳索取心钻探施工技术经验,着重从钻孔结构、钻具及钻进参数选择和冲洗液选取与配制方面分析了破碎漏失、坍塌掉块及坚硬＂打滑＂地层的处理方法,阐述了保证复杂地层岩心采取率和预防钻孔倾斜的技术措施。通过护壁堵漏、改进冲洗液的配比、调整钻头的胎体硬度,改善了复杂地层的钻进环境,提高了钻探生产效率。     

中国外资利用效率测评及其时空变化研究

提高外资利用效率是实现中国外资利用模式从数量型向质量型战略转变的关键途径,具有重要的现实和理论意义。基于此理,本文引入DEA模型,选取劳动、资本、资金3 项投入指标和技术溢出、经济和社会产出3 项产出指标构建评价体系,对中国FDI利用效率的时空变化特征进行了实证分析。结果显示:①近10 年全国外资利用效率普遍偏低且变动幅度不大,外资利用技术效率>规模效率>综合效率。②中国外资利用效率空间分异的变化显著,由2000 年“大集中-小分散”与“大分散-小集中”并存空间分布特征转变为2009 年“大集中-小分散”的空间分布格局,且西部外资利用效率长期大于东部和中部地区,在全国规模收益递减和不变地区长期占主导地位;③外资利用技术效率和规模效率共同决定着综合效率,而技术效率的决定作用稍微较强。对于外资利用效率有待优化的地区应重视外资管理和引导外资从冗余地区逐步迁移,对外资流向和流量进行监控。     

海南岛澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻对环境变化的适应性

在全球气候变暖和人类活动加剧导致珊瑚礁严重衰退的背景下,以抗逆性强的澄黄滨珊瑚（Porites lutea）为研究对象,于 2013 年 10 月―2014 年 8 月在海南岛文昌和三亚对其共生藻密度及光合效率开展了季节性调查研究。结果显示：1）澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻的密度及光合效率均存在显著的季节变化,共生藻密度在冬季最低、夏季较高,其光合效率在冬季较高,春夏季较低。2）澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻密度的空间差异远小于其季节变化的差异,但水深 1~2 m 澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻的密度普遍高于水深 4~6 m 的澄黄滨珊瑚,三亚澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻的光合效率明显高于文昌。3）进一步分析发现,在诸多环境因子中,海表温度 SST 和水体营养是驱动海南岛澄黄滨珊瑚共生藻密度及光合效率变化的主要环境因素,而光合效率的空间差异则可能是珊瑚对生存环境长期驯化的结果。由于文昌和三亚沿岸海水养殖和潜水旅游等人类活动频繁,礁区海水面临富营养化的风险,推测海南岛澄黄滨珊瑚面临 SST 上升和营养胁迫联合效应的严重威胁。     

湘西多民族山区耕地利用效率空间差异分析

以县域为单元, 基于各行政区域2001-2010年的统计数据, 从耕地资源量、耕地集约利用水平、粮耕弹性系数3方面选取10项指标, 构建了耕地利用效率评价指标体系, 并引入"年变化率"的概念与方法, 对湘西多民族山区2001-2010年耕地利用效率的空间差异进行了分析. 结果表明: 总体而言, 湘西多民族山区耕地利用效率比较低, 近年虽有好转迹象, 但县域间的协调度仍处于基本协调或不协调状态. 耕地利用效率的年变化率为21%, 各单项指标的年变化率亦存在较大波动. 在影响耕地利用效率各因子中, 粮食单产、土地产出均为高度相关因素, 而耕地总面积的关联度排在最后. 从空间上看, 湘西北部以及东部地区耕地利用的空间分异较小, 而西部、中部和南部地区的空间分异较大, 可划分为高效高度协调型、高效基本协调型、高效不协调型、中效基本协调型、中效不协调型和低效不协调型等六类地区.     

Lagged response of phytoplanktonic photosynthetic competence to variation of nitrogen concentration in Jiaozhou Bay, China

Fluorescence-based maximal photochemical efficiency, Fv/Fm, is widely used as an indicator to photosynthetic competence in marine systems. It has been considered a useful parameter diagnosing the nutrient stress on phytoplankton photosynthesis, but many studies argue its usefulness. In the present study, we try to find a temporal relationship between Fv/Fm and nitrogen concentration, and provide a possible explanation on the controversy. We continuously measured Fv/Fm and nitrogen concentration once every 10 days from September 2003 to March 2004 at two stations in Jiaozhou Bay, northern China. It was found that Fv/ffm did not significantly correlate to synchronous nitrogen concentration, but the variation （i.e. the change between two adjacent cruises） of nitrogen concentration of the previous cruise and the variation ofFv/Fm of the current cruise were strongly correlated. This result indicates that a time lag exists between the variation of nutrient status and the subsequent Fv/Fm response. Length of the time lag seems just matched the interval of our measurements （10 days）. In the field, direct dependence of Fv/Fm on nitrogen concentration may not be found because of the lagged response of Fv/Fm to nitrogen concentration variations or physiological acclimation. Our results provide a possible way to explain the previously reported conflicting results on the relationship between Fv/Fm and nutrient status. To give a more-accurate estimate about the length of the time lag, an investigation that includes more frequent measurements is needed.     

长江三角洲城市化效率与经济发展水平的耦合关系

本文利用DEA模型、层次分析法和耦合度模型分析了1980-2010 年长江三角洲16 个地级市的城市化效率、经济发展水平, 以及城市化效率与经济发展水平的耦合度, 并对其耦合关系进行了理论初探, 提出了概念模型。结果表明:① 30 年间, 长三角城市化效率与经济发展水平的耦合度总体经历了缓慢上升—急剧上升—缓慢下降—急剧下降的过程, 呈倒“U”型发展;② 不同发展阶段的经济发展水平和城市化效率耦合关系不同, 在一定时期, 提高城市化效率可以提升区域经济发展水平, 区域经济水平的发展也可提高城市化效率;但当城市化效率和经济发展达到一定的水平时, 城市化效率的提高不再成为提升区域经济发展水平的重要因素, 而区域经济发展水平的提升也不会过多地影响城市化效率;③ 城市化效率与经济发展水平存在动态耦合关系, 经济发展水平较高的城市会首先摆脱城市化效率带来的促进作用。