CO2注气压力对瓦斯扩散系数影响规律实验研究

煤层CH₄解吸效率低、扩散慢的特点严重制约着煤层瓦斯抽采的效率,为解决低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采困难的问题,选取晋城赵庄煤矿煤样,研究不同注气压力对驱替CH₄过程的影响以及驱替过程中CH₄扩散系数的变化规律,利用自主研发的CO₂驱替CH₄试验平台,在0.6、0.8、1.0 MPa等不同注气压力条件下分别进行CO₂驱替CH₄实验。结果表明:驱替压力越大,达到最大CH₄排放量的时间越短,CO₂突破时间越快,置换效率越大,驱替效果越好;CH₄气体驱替过程分为3个阶段,先急剧增加再缓慢增加最后保持平稳;在同一注气压力下,瓦斯扩散系数随时间呈先增大后减小的变化规律,注气压力为0.6、0.8、1.0 MPa时,瓦斯扩散系数的最大值分别为2.27×10-5、3.36×10-5、4.62×10-5 cm2/s。从实验结果可知,不同注气压力下,CO₂对CH₄主要起到驱替作用、置换吸附-解吸作用及稀释驱替作用;每个阶段的CH₄气体运移情况不同,根据实验阶段合理调整注气流量、压力等参数,使注驱技术搭配更高效。研究结果对CO₂深埋与瓦斯（煤层气）高效抽采具有理论指导意义。      

Effect of model errors in ambient air humidity on the aerosol optical depth obtained via aerosol hygroscopicity in eastern China in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project datasets

当前全球气候模式普遍低估中国东部气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)。本文表明,模式低估中国东部地表大气相对湿度是AOD低估的原因之一。研究基于国际大气化学气候模式比较计划的干气溶胶质量浓度结果,用再分析湿度数据替换模拟湿度以计算AOD变化。结果表明,替换后我国大气相对湿度增加,多模式平均的华南年均AOD因此增长45%,华北6-8月AOD增长33%。不同模式采用相似的硫酸盐吸湿增长曲线。相对湿度低估对AOD模拟影响程度主要受吸湿颗粒质量浓度和相对湿度概率分布影响,该结论有助于解释我国AOD模拟误差。     

矿井无线电波透视技术探测模式研究

为了使矿井无线电波透视的探测效率最大化,笔者研究了其各种工作模式,通过数学分析得出了各种模式中主机行走距离、总探测时间、时间利用率、行走速度、可探测最大工作面长度的计算公式。以此为基础,形成探测参数计算表。对于实际工作中的不同长度工作面的探测,可根据此表的计算结果来选择合理的工作模式和发射时间和搬站时间,以达到最大探测效率的目的。     

基于多元回归模型的斜坡影响因子分析

目前,对斜坡影响因子进行量化的评价方法均有各自的局限性。在基于监测数据的基础上提出多元回归模型进行量化斜坡影响因子的方法。通过将确定的斜坡影响因子与回归模型的融合,在一定程度解决了斜坡稳定性评价过程中影响因子的选择和量化的问题,有利于以后对斜坡的认识,建立准确的斜坡稳定性分析模型。最后,将模型应用于某水电站水库堆积体斜坡,对该斜坡的影响因子进行量化,最后分析汶川地震前后的影响因子变化。     

皖江经济带地热资源调查与开发利用

地热资源调查是皖江经济带地质调查的重要工作之一,是调整能源结构,构建环境友好型社会的要求。基于皖江经济带以往地热资源调查评价成果,阐述研究区地热资源的分布特点、形成机理、种类及资源总量,分析总结研究区目前地热资源开发利用现状及存在问题: 皖江经济带地热资源虽然丰富,但仅有部分水热型地热资源开发利用程度高,且资源利用效率较低; 水热型地热资源以温热水、温水为主,总体品位不高; 浅层地热能资源总量丰富,分布广泛,开发利用技术成熟,适宜大力开发利用,但大部分未开展调查评价工作。建议采取梯级或循环利用措施提高利用效率,综合开发利用地热资源; 突破现有模式,寻找高品位地热资源; 开展县级浅层地热能调查评价工作; 建设地热资源开发利用监管平台。     

Responses of global terrestrial water use efficiency to climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration in the twenty-first century

Terrestrial ecosystems play a significant role in global carbon and water cycles because of the substantial amount of carbon assimilated through net primary production and large amount of water loss through evapotranspiration (ET). Using a process-based ecosystem model, we investigate the potential effects of climate change and rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration on global terrestrial ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) during the twenty-first century. Future climate change would reduce global WUE by 16.3% under high-emission climate change scenario (A2) and 2.2% under low-emission climate scenario (B1) during 2010–2099. However, the combination of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration and climate change would increase global WUE by 7.9% and 9.4% under A2 and B1 climate scenarios, respectively. This suggests that rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration could ameliorate climate change-induced WUE decline. Future WUE would increase significantly at the high-latitude regions but decrease at the low-latitude regions under combined changes in climate and atmospheric CO₂. The largest increase of WUE would occur in tundra and boreal needleleaf deciduous forest under the combined A2 climate and atmospheric CO₂ scenario. More accurate prediction of WUE requires deeper understanding on the responses of ET to rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and its interactions with climate.     

浅析安徽省地理国情普查专用符号库制作

地理国情普查是全面获取地表覆盖和基本地理国情的重要工作,是实施科学发展观的基本保障,其重要性不言而喻。本文针对地理国情普查工作制作一套完整的符号库和作业方案进行分析,便于内业解译时各种数据以所见即所得的形式直观地显示出来,提高内业数据采集和编辑工作效率的同时,更有利于外业调查方便使用。     

丝绸之路经济带国际集装箱陆路运输的经济适应范围

丝绸之路经济带国际集装箱陆路运输规模与日俱增,其中铁路在陆路运输中占据重要地位。研究分析了丝绸之路经济带内中国国际集装箱运输现状,建立了多式联运竞争的分析模型,并利用调研收集的数据对以重庆和西安为起点的国际集装箱陆路运输经济适应区域进行了定量分析。结果表明,受海运价格的影响,中亚地区、蒙古国及俄罗斯的西伯利亚区、乌拉尔区、伏尔加河沿岸区和中央联邦区是丝绸之路经济带铁路运输的比较优势区域,乌克兰、白俄罗斯、波兰及俄罗斯的西北联邦区、南方联邦区等是优势扩展区,而欧洲和亚洲其他大部分区域的海运(海陆联运)优势远大于铁路联运。     

What is wrong with post-fire soil erosion modelling? A meta-analysis on current approaches,research gaps,and future directions

In the near future, a higher occurrence of wildfires is expected due to climate change, carrying social, environmental, and economic implications. Such impacts are often associated with an increase of post-fire hydrological and erosive responses, which are difficult to predict. Soil erosion models have been proven to be a valuable tool in the decision-making process, from emergency response to long-term planning, however, they were not designed for post-fire conditions, so need to be adapted to include fire-induced changes. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies testing different models and adaptations for the prediction of post-fire soil erosion. However, many of these adaptations are being applied without field validation or model performance assessment. Therefore, this study aims to describe the scientific advances in the last 20 years in post-fire soil erosion modelling research and evaluate model adaptations to burned areas that aim to include: (i) fire-induced changes in soil and ground cover; (ii) fire-induced changes in infiltration; (iii) burn severity; and (iv) mitigation measures in their predictions. This study also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches, suggests potential improvements, and identifies directions for future research. Results show that studies are not homogeneously distributed worldwide, according to the model type used or by region most affected by wildfire. During calibration, 73% of cases involved model adaptation to burned conditions, and only 21% attempted to accommodate new processes. Burn severity was addressed in 75% of cases, whilst mitigation measures were simulated in 27%. Additionally, only a minor percentage of model predictions were validated with independent field data (17%) or assessed for uncertainties (13%). Therefore, further efforts are required in the adaptation of erosion models to burned conditions, to be widely used for post-fire management decisions. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hillslope sediment fence catch efficiencies and particle sorting for post-fire rain storms

Sediment fences are often used to monitor hillslope erosion, but these can underestimate sediment yields due to overtopping of runoff and associated sediment. We modified four sediment fences to collect and measure the runoff and sediment that overtopped the fence in addition to the sediment deposited behind the fence. Specific objectives were to: (1) determine the catch efficiency of sediment fences measuring post-fire hillslope erosion; (2) assess particle sorting of sand, silt/clay, and organic matter from each hillslope through the sediment fence and subsequent runoff collection barrels; (3) evaluate how catch efficiency and particle size sorting relate to site and rainfall-runoff event characteristics; and (4) use runoff simulations to estimate sediment fence volumes for future post-fire monitoring. Catch efficiency ranged from 28 to 100% for events and 38 to 94% per site for the entire sampling season, indicating a relatively large underestimation of sediment yields by sediment fences. Most of the eroded sediment had similar proportions of sand and silt/clay as the hillslope soils, but the sediment behind the fence was significantly enriched in sand while the sediment that overtopped the fence was more strongly enriched in silt/clay. The sediment fences had capacities of 3 m³ for hillslopes of 0.19–0.43 ha, but simulations of runoff for 2- to 100-year storms indicate that the sediment fences would need a capacity of up to 240 m³ to store all of the runoff and associated sediment. More accurate measurements of sediment yields with sediment fences require either increasing the storage capacity of the sediment fence(s) to accommodate the expected volume of runoff and sediment, reducing the size of the contributing area, or directly measuring the runoff and sediment that overtop the fence. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.