陆相成熟烃源岩区连通砂体对油气运移的控制作用

基于成熟烃源岩稳态连续排烃机制,分析陆相成熟烃源岩区内连通砂体对油气运移的控制作用,并深入探讨烃源岩内砂体与烃源岩的接触面积、砂泥互层烃源岩层系中砂岩含量、砂体物性、砂体分布及其连续性对排烃效率的影响。结果表明：将连通砂体与烃源岩的接触类型分为垂向沉积相变接触型、侧向沉积相变接触型及交错复合接触型,其中前两者是烃源岩-连通砂体的主要接触类型;烃源岩-连通砂体配置组合以在异常压力驱动下的稳态连续排烃为主;烃源岩内砂体与烃源岩的接触面积越大、砂岩含量越大、砂岩物性越好、砂体分布稳定及连续性好有利于成熟烃源岩排烃,则排烃效率越大,进而控制主要排烃方向和资源量。烃源岩内连通砂体对油气二次运移的作用主要取决于其与烃源岩外连通砂体的分布连续性与物性连通性。如果烃源岩内砂体是孤立的,油气无法运移出烃源岩区,则形成烃源岩内油气藏;如果烃源岩内砂体与烃源岩外砂体分布连续且物性连通,则油气运移距离大,可在更为有利的圈闭分布区成藏。     

压缩三维走时表提高克希霍夫偏移计算效率

地震波走时是克希霍夫叠前深度偏移的重要参数。三维克希霍夫偏移成像由于需频繁读取大数据量的走时表文件,所以计算效率不高。这里提出一种通过压缩三维射线追踪走时表,来提高克希霍夫偏移计算效率的方法：首先规划一个具有规则网格控制点并覆盖所有走时表点集的最小长方体区域,然后以三维三次B样条函数为插值基函数进行最小二乘法曲面体拟合,求出规则网格控制点的数值并以数组形式存储入内存,采用稀疏化存储进一步节省了内存空间。在偏移成像时,再由这些规则网格控制点的数值,使用线性插值公式解编出走时表。实际资料算例验证了该走时表压缩方法不仅近似精度高,计算稳定度高,计算效率高,而且由于省去了频繁进行大数据量走时表文件的读写操作,所以克希霍夫偏移的计算效率提高了二倍以上。     

一维畦灌施肥地表水流与溶质运移耦合模型——Ⅱ.模型验证

基于典型畦灌施肥试验观测结果及其模拟结果,对比分析利用混合数值解法和Roe有限体积法分别求解一维畦灌施肥地表水流与溶质运移过程控制方程在数值稳定性与收敛性、计算精度与效率上的差异,验证混合数值解法的计算性能与模拟效果.结果表明,混合数值解法比Roe有限体积法表现出更佳的数值稳定性和收敛性,产生的水平衡误差和平均相对误差...     

灌溉用水效率尺度效应研究评述

在阐述灌溉用水效率尺度效应内涵及其产生原因的基础上,对研究现状进行了评述,并提出了今后的研究方向。灌溉用水效率尺度效应主要由灌区土壤、作物、气候、灌溉工程、灌溉水量等多种因素的空间变异性和回归水利用导致;现有灌溉用水效率指标应该拓宽供水效益内涵,同时在经济条件约束下来考虑回归水的再利用;现有各类指标随尺度变化规律并不固定,主要原因是尺度效应并非由单一因素决定;现有尺度效应转换研究都是单独针对空间变异或回归水重复利用而进行,缺少对两者的综合,更缺乏成熟的尺度转换公式。今后需要在完善评价指标体系的基础上,重点对尺度转换理论进行攻关,同时还应兼顾水循环伴生过程的尺度效应研究。     

企鹅珍珠贝（Pteria penguin）主要经济性状对体重的影响效果分析

采用多元线性回归和通径分析方法,研究企鹅珍珠贝主要经济性状对体重的影响效果。结果表明,6个性状间的相关系数均达到极显著水平（P〈0.01）;通径分析表明各经济性状对体重的直接影响效果为软体部重（0.726）〉壳长（0.146）〉壳高（0.107）〉闭壳肌重（0.058）〉壳宽（0.049）,壳长、壳高、闭壳肌重和壳宽对...     

Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues

Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less and less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial management (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine spatial planning and ocean zoning are emerging concepts that can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM is driven by high-level goals that managers aim to achieve through the implementation of measures. High-level goals and objectives need to be translated into more operational objectives before specific targets, limits and measures can be elaborated.Monitoring, evaluation and adaptation are necessary to ensure that marine management measures are both effective and efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks are the foundation of adaptive management, as they provide the necessary information to evaluate performance and the effectiveness of management actions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up in networks - constitute a key component in EB-MSM policies and practises and have been applied as a cornerstone in conservation of marine biodiversity, management of fish populations, development of coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences have provided methods and concepts (such as zoning) to a wider EB-MSM context. The assignment of values to biophysical features of the marine environment allows the direct assessment of related management choices and may assist EB-MSM.A range of monetary valuation techniques have been proposed to reduce attributes of goods and services to a single metric. However, in the marine environment such an approach is often over simplistic, and thus less reductive techniques may be necessary. Rather than producing a single metric, the results of non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight to be given as necessary to potential areas of conflict and consensus.Strategies to take into account climate change effects and geohazard risks in EB-MSM have been applied or proposed worldwide. EB-MSM regimes must be alert to such risks and flexible to account for changes.     

Bacterioplankton responses to iron enrichment during the SAGE experiment

We studied the microbial food web in the upper 100 m of the water column in iron-limited sub-Antarctic HNLC waters south-east of New Zealand in the SAGE experiment in 2004, with focus on bacterioplankton. Samples were collected daily from inside and outside the iron enriched patch. Short term enrichment experiments were conducted on board in 4 L polycarbonate bottles with water outside the iron enriched patch to study single and combined effects of micronutrient additions on microbial food web. Low bacterial growth was recorded in the study area with community turnover times of 50 h or more during the study period. Measurements of bacterial standing stocks and production rates in the study show minor responses to the large scale iron enrichment, with increase in rates and stocks after the first enrichment and at the end of the study period after the third iron enrichment when solar radiation increased and wind mixing decreased. The average daily bacterial production rates were 31.5 and 33.7 mgCm⁻² d⁻¹ for the OUT and IN stations, respectively; thus overall there was not a significant difference between the control and the iron-enriched patch. In the bottle experiments bacterial thymidine incorporation showed responses to single iron and silicic acid enrichments and a major growth response to the combined iron and sucrose enrichments. Phytoplankton chlorophyll-a showed clear stimulation by single additions of iron and silicic acid and silicic acid enhanced the iron impact. Cobalt additions had no effect on bacteria growth and a negative effect on phytoplankton growth. Low bacterial in situ growth rates and the enrichment experiments suggest that bacteria are co-limited by iron and carbon, and that bacterial iron uptake is dependent on carbon supply by the food web. With the high iron quota (??mol Fe mol C⁻¹) bacteria may scavenge considerable amounts of the excess iron, and thus influence the relative importance of the microbial food web as a carbon sink.     

武汉市"2016.07.06"暴雨洪涝灾害跨区域经济波及效应评估研究

为强调跨区域经济波及损失的重要程度,在已构建的灾害动态间接经济损失评估模型的基础上,本研究进一步融入多区域模块改进模型,定量评估武汉市“2016.07.06”暴雨洪涝灾害对湖北省、全国造成的波及损失。结果表明：(1)灾区外遭受的跨区域经济波及损失（24.30亿元）为武汉遭受直接经济损失（87.40亿元）的28%,是灾区武汉市遭受间接经济损失（5.55亿元）的4.4倍,其中湖北省（除武汉市外）受到的经济波及损失为15.57亿元,全国（除湖北省外）为8.73亿元;(2)灾区外制造业受到的波及损失最大,其中湖北省（除武汉外）受损6.52亿元,全国（除湖北省外）受损2.94亿元,分别占各自总波及损失的42%与34%。其他受损行业依次为农业、其他服务业、建筑业等。建议政府决策者保持对跨区域经济波及损失的关注,通过认清损失产生机理制定有针对性的减小损失措施,开展更科学、全面的风险防范与灾后恢复重建。     

CO2浓度升高对极端干旱区多枝柽柳叶片水分利用效率的影响

采用美国Li-COR公司生产的LI-6400便携式光合作用测量系统,在2008和2009年生长季节对极端干旱区额济纳绿洲多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.)叶片的净光合速率(Pn)与蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随光照强度的变化.结果表明:胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随光照强度增强而减小...