乾陵地震台钻孔体应变观测资料分析

选取乾陵地震台2018—2020年钻孔体应变观测资料,进行完整性、年零漂和观测资料精度分析,通过采样调和分析,评价观测数据质量,并对自然环境变化、仪器系统故障和人为干扰对观测数据的影响进行分析,探讨该台钻孔体应变观测映震能力,认为： ①乾陵地震台体应变测项运行良好,观测数据质量较高; ②降雨、气压是影响体应变观测数据的主要干扰因素; ③体应变对全球7级以上、中国6级以上地震同震响应较明显,震级越大,同震响应持续时间越长。     

基于耐震时程法的钢筋混凝土框架弹塑性地震响应及损伤发展

耐震时程法（ETA）仅需少量的非线性时程分析,便可以掌握结构倒塌破坏的全过程。但是,此方法目前较少应用于结构倒塌失效分析。本文探讨了耐震时程曲线的特性及拟合思路,以钢筋混凝土框架为研究对象,应用ETA方法分析了钢筋混凝土框架的地震响应及损伤发展。研究结果:（1）混凝土框架结构的地震响应分析结果表明:采用ETA方法分析时结构顶点位移和层间位移角与采用IDA方法分析时接近,而最大基底剪力会略大;但是,两种方法的结果相关系数均接近于1。（2）强震下的结构倒塌分析结果表明:ETA方法能较为准确的预测结构的塑性铰分布、塑性铰出现概率及塑性铰发展顺序。当采用多条耐震时程加速度曲线作为输入时,评估结果准确性更高。由于ETA方法仅需进行少量几条耐震时程分析且计算高效,因此ETA方法可以成为预测结构失效模式的高效方法。     

形变监测高分辨率InSAR数据的精度分析

收集江苏高分辨率InSAR地面沉降监测结果及兴化、淮安同期水准测量资料和基岩标同期监测资料,利用79个水准点测量数据、7个基岩标（分别选取不同时段）测量数据共98个数据样本,将InSAR技术与水准测量及基岩标测量技术的监测结果进行对比发现,监测结果一致性率为86.73%,平均差值为2.08 mm,标准差为2.50 mm,最大差值为18.64 mm,表明InSAR可进行半定量形变监测,但在高层建筑、排水管线、大坝、桥梁等需高精度形变监测的工程方面仍不能替代水准测量。     

区域地下水污染综合评价研究现状与建议

区域地下水污染综合评价研究是一项总结区域地下水水质特征、评估地下水水质和污染状况、分析其驱动机制、研判其演化趋势的重要基础性工作,也是地下水污染防控以及水质改善的重要依据。受水文地质领域一些传统概念、观念以及技术方法的限制,在水质综合评价、污染评价、天然劣质水与污染的区分、人类活动影响等方面存在诸多问题和挑战,认知的科学性和可靠性不断受到质疑,给政府管理部门的应用和决策带来困惑。本研究通过梳理分析近年来区域地下水污染综合评价的研究现状,回顾总结了在水质综合评价、背景值、污染评价、劣质水和劣变水评估以及人类活动识别等方面存在的问题,提出了几点认识和建议:(1)“指标分类评价-组合表达”的水质及污染综合评价思路,可为解决现阶段水质及污染综合评估容易造成歧义和误导的问题提供新的方向;(2)视背景值的建立不仅能够解决传统概念背景值无法获取的问题,还能有效进行污染判定、劣质水和劣变水评估以及人类活动识别,是一项亟待全面开展的基础性工作;(3)劣质水和劣变水概念及评价思路的提出,对区分天然劣质水和污染水具有借鉴意义,在科学回答这两类水对我国地下水水质的影响、帮助决策者理解水质不安全成因等方面有重要意义,但是方法学方面需要进一步探讨;(4)对人类活动影响的识别和量化,进一步推动了对输入型污染、诱导型水质恶化以及水化学场变化所引起的各种水质问题的认识,进而对判断水质演化趋势、污染防控、分类解决水质问题具有重要的意义。     

Evaluation and comparison of CMIP6 models and MERRA-2 reanalysis AOD against Satellite observations from 2000 to 2014 over China

Rapid industrialization and urbanization along with a growing population are contributing significantly to air pollution in China. Evaluation of long-term aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from models and reanalysis, can greatly promote understanding of spatiotemporal variations in air pollution in China. To do this, AOD (550 nm) values from 2000 to 2014 were obtained from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CIMP6), the second version of Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research, and Applications (MERRA-2), and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; flying on the Terra satellite) combined Dark Target and Deep Blue (DTB) aerosol product. We used the Terra-MODIS DTB AOD (hereafter MODIS DTB AOD) as a standard to evaluate CMIP6 Ensemble AOD (hereafter CMIP6 AOD) and MERRA-2 reanalysis AOD (hereafter MERRA-2 AOD). Results show better correlations and smaller errors between MERRA-2 and MODIS DTB AOD, than between CMIP6 and MODIS DTB AOD, in most regions of China, at both annual and seasonal scales. However, significant under- and over-estimations in the MERRA-2 and CMIP6 AOD were also observed relative to MODIS DTB AOD. The long-term (2000–2014) MODIS DTB AOD distributions show the highest AOD over the North China Plain (0.71) followed by Central China (0.69), Yangtse River Delta (0.67), Sichuan Basin (0.64), and Pearl River Delta (0.54) regions. The lowest AOD values were recorded over the Tibetan Plateau (0.13 ± 0.01) followed by Qinghai (0.19 ± 0.03) and the Gobi Desert (0.21 ± 0.03). Large amounts of sand and dust particles emitted from natural sources (the Taklamakan and Gobi Deserts) may result in higher AOD in spring compared to summer, autumn, and winter. Trends were also calculated for 2000–2005, for 2006–2010 (when China introduced strict air pollution control policies during the 11th Five Year Plan or FYP), and for 2011–2014 (during the 12th FYP). An increasing trend in MODIS DTB AOD was observed throughout the country during 2000–2014. The uncontrolled industrialization, urbanization, and rapid economic development that mostly occurred from 2000 to 2005 probably contributed to the overall increase in AOD. Finally, China's air pollution control policies helped to reduce AOD in most regions of the country; this was more evident during the 12th FYP period (2011–2014) than during the 11th FYP period (2006–2010). Therefore this study strongly advises the authority to retain or extend these policies in the future for improving air quality.     

国道213汶川—松潘段滑坡隐患遥感识别与易发性评价

国道213汶川—松潘段位于强震山区,滑坡灾害频发,每年都会因滑坡灾害导致交通中断,迫切需要查明沿线滑坡隐患的空间分布,并对其易发性进行评价。利用光学遥感和InSAR综合遥感技术对沿线滑坡隐患进行识别,共识别滑坡隐患288处,其中InSAR探测出有形变的滑坡隐患点27处。以识别出的滑坡隐患为评价样本,选取高程、坡度、坡向、地表曲率、工程地质岩组、归一化植被指数(normalizied difference vegetation index,NDVI)、距道路距离、距河流距离、距断层距离等9个影响因素作为评价因子,采用Logistic回归模型评价该沿线滑坡隐患易发性,评价结果可为国道213汶川—松潘段滑坡灾害防治提供参考。     

Comparative analysis of bacterial contamination in tap and groundwater: A case study on water quality of Quetta City,an arid zone in Pakistan

Water is an essential element on earth, which provides human a variety of services in domestic use, agriculture, or industries. However, some serious health risks of drinking water are associated with microbial contamination, particularly with fecal matter. Therefore, microbial quality assessment is considered to be a necessary component of water quality assessment. This study investigates microbial contamination of water distributary system around the city by comparing groundwater (GW) and tap water (TW) quality in Quetta city. 31 GW samples and 31 TW samples were collected in the study area during the months of September, October, and November. Fecal coliform test was carried out in laboratory and their average total coliform contamination was computed. Results showed that the TW sample were all contaminated by coliform except for Chiltan town, hence are not considered suitable for drinking without any treatment according to WHO drinking water quality standards. The average coliform concentrations were 12 in Quetta main city, 11.6 in Jinnah town, 5.3 in Satallite town, 10 in Shahbaz town and 5 in Brewery town (0/100 mL CFU) and the TW samples from the three towns were even more contaminated with E.coli. Whereas among the GW, average microbial concentrations were 1.8 in Quetta main city, 2 in Satallite town, 1.4 in Shahbaz town, and 0.4 in Chiltan town (0/100 mL CFU), respectively, which shows that the contamination is occurring within the water distributary pipeline system when the water flows through the pipelines. Moreover, this research will be valuable for researchers and administrative authorities to conduct elaborative studies, and develop new policies to prevent further deterioration of drinking water in the water distribution system by pathogenic microorganisms and ensure safe drinking water to the public of Quetta city.     

基于生命周期评价的铜尾渣资源化利用环境效益——以制取蒸压砖为例

我国每年产生的铜尾渣超过1 500万吨,持续堆存会造成严重的环境危害,而资源化处理则通常能够充分利用铜渣当中的资源并一定程度上降低环境危害。通过生命周期评价方法,对铜尾渣资源化利用制取蒸压砖并副产铜精矿、铁精矿和重介质的工艺过程的环境影响进行了分析。结果表明,该技术方案最主要的环境影响为人体毒性(33 886 kg 1,4-二氯苯当量 /资源化1 000吨铜尾渣);水泥生产阶段环境负荷最高,在7种环境影响类别中均有最高的贡献;贡献最明显的关键物质为氮氧化物,其对富营养化、酸化、光化学污染贡献占比分别为94.1%、42.0%和24.3%。将生产蒸压砖和副产的铜精矿、铁精矿、重介质所避免的环境影响纳入考虑范围之后,发现该铜尾渣资源化方案能够取得明显的环境效益。     

熵权法在水资源与水环境评价中的研究进展

随着人口增长和经济社会的发展,水资源的供需矛盾日益增多,对水资源进行合理开发、高效利用、优化配置、全面节约、有效保护、综合治理是至关重要的新任务。熵权法是研究水资源可持续利用的重要方法,可以剔除指标体系中对评价结果贡献较小的指标,减少人为因素对于主观权重的影响,其计算结果真实准确,能够客观地反映水资源与水环境的现状,因此被广泛应用于水资源与水环境评价中,从而为水资源的高效利用及水环境的综合评价提供科学依据。本文对熵权法的由来及在水资源与水环境评价中的发展进程进行了探讨,重点对熵权法在水资源量、水资源承载力、水环境质量和水生态环境评价四个方面的应用进行了讨论和总结,并发现熵权法在水资源与水环境评价中有着良好的应用前景;同时,针对当前熵权法在水资源与水环境评价中存在的不足,提出了改进建议,为水资源与水环境评价的研究方向提供了新思路。除此之外,对熵权法的未来进行了展望：熵权法可与其他方法创新结合共同使用,构建合理全面的评价指标体系,在水资源利用发展趋势、时空格局演变等领域推广应用。     

赣南北部黄陂河流域离子型稀土矿地区水质与健康风险评价

水质安全和健康是保障中国赣南老区乡村振兴发展的重要因素。赣南离子型稀土矿长期开发利用,导致浸矿剂和矿体中重金属元素等危害人体健康的物质进入水循环系统,给周边乡村饮用水卫生安全带来了潜在风险。目前,针对当地复垦后稀土矿及周边地区水质和健康风险缺乏系统调查评价,本文以《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)为评价依据,选择赣南北部黄陂河流域典型离子型稀土矿及周边的水体开展调查研究,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱/质谱等技术测定锰、镉等元素含量,采用水质指数(WQI)、危害商(HQ)、致癌风险(CR)评价了锰和铅等9种指标及其健康风险。结果表明：地表水中的异常指标有氨氮(平均值750μg/L)、锰(平均值207μg/L),地下水中的异常指标有氨氮(平均值4533μg/L)、锰(平均值4009μg/L);世界卫生组织(WHO)公布的Ⅰ类致癌物砷在地表水及地下水均未见异常。WQI显示研究区内85.7%的地表水适宜饮用。地表水及地下水中氨氮的HQ平均值<1,对人类健康没有不良影响;地下水中锰的HQ平均值>1,可能会对人类健康产生不良影响。地表水及地下水中致癌元素砷的CR值分布区...